INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

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INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY
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DEFINITIONS

• Anatomy
• to cut apart
• Study of Bodily Structure
• Includes
• Systemic or Regional
• Gross or Microscopic
• Developmental
• Imaging

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DEFINITIONS continued

• Physiology
• study of nature
• Study of Bodily Function
• Includes
• Cell Physiology
• Pathophysiology
• Immunology
• Exercise Physiology

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LEVELS OF structural ORGANIZATION

• Chemical
• Atoms, Molecules
• Cellular
• Organelles, Cells
• Tissue
• Groups of Cells
• Organ
• 2 or more tissue types
• Specific functions
• Recognizable shape

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LEVELS OF structural ORGANIZATION continued

• System
• Groups of organs with common functions
• 11 organ systems
• Organismal
• Highest level
• All parts of organism

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11 Organ Systems

• Integumentary external body covering
  protection sensation
• Skeletal internal support protection
• Muscular - movement
• Nervous fast-acting control system
• Endocrine hormonal control secreted by glands

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11 Organ Systems

• Cardiovascular Transports via circulating blood
• Lymphatic Returns fluid leaked from blood
  immune defense
• Respiratory exchanges gases (O2 CO2) with
  environment
• Digestive Breakdown absorption of food
  elimination of undigestable food

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11 Organ Systems

• Urinary Removes most metabolic wastes from the
  blood as urine
• Reproductive produces offspring

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HOMEOSTASIS

• Homeostasis
• Maintaining a relatively stable internal
  environment, regardless of external conditions.
• Allows changes within narrow limits.
• Dynamic Equilibrium
• Regulated by feedback mechanisms

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

• 3 Components
• Receptor to detect changes
• Control Center to determine set point (normal)
  and appropriate response to deviations
• Effector to respond to change

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Negative Feedback - Control of Room Temperature
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

• Negative Feedback System
• Common
• Reverses Change
• Results in Fluctuations about Set Point
• e.g. control of body temperature
• Positive Feedback System
• Rare
• Change is increased
• May be Harmful (induced by pathogens)
• e.g. lactation, blood clot formation

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Positive Feedback Blood Clot Formation
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TERMINOLOGY

• Anatomical Position
• Erect Stance, Palms Forward
• Directional Terms
• Explain Relative Location of Body Parts
• Many Paired Opposites
• Regional Terms
• Refer to Specific Body Parts, Regions
• Divided into Anterior Posterior Landmarks

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Directional Terms
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Regional Terms
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TERMINOLOGY continued

• Body Planes Sections
• Frontal (Coronal)
• Vertical, Divides into Anterior Posterior
• Transverse
• Horizontal, Divides into Superior Inferior
• Sagittal (Para- Mid-)
• Vertical, Divides into Right Left
• Oblique
• Diagonal, Between Vertical Horizontal

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TERMINOLOGY continued

• Body Cavities (Protect Allow for Growth/Change)
• Dorsal Ventral form during embryological
  development
• Dorsal
• Cranial - Brain
• Spinal or Vertebral Spinal Cord

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BODY CAVITIES continued

• Ventral
• Thoracic
• Pleural - Lungs
• Mediastinal Between Lungs
• Pericardial Heart division of mediastinal
• Abdominopelvic
• Abdominal (Peritoneal)
• Pelvic

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Abdominopelvic Quadrants