RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

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RELATIVE CLAUSES1) DEFINING2) NON-DEFINING
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DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (DR)

• SHE LIKES PEOPLE WHO ALWAYS TELL THE TRUTH

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NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (NDR)

• MY FRIEND ANDREW, WHO IS SCOTTISH, PLAYS THE
  BAGPIPES

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DR CLAUSES MORE COMMON IN SPOKEN LANGUAGE
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NDR CLAUSES MORE COMMON IN WRITTEN LANGUAGE
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DR CLAUSES

• POSSIBLE PRONOUNS
• person thing
• Subject WHO / THAT THAT / WHICH
• Object ----- / THAT ----- / THAT
• RELATIVE PRONOUN OBJECT
• Did you like the present (that) I gave you?
• RELATIVE PRONOUN SUBJECT
• I met a man who works in marketing

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NDR CLAUSES

• POSSIBLE PRONOUNS
• person thing
• Subject WHO WHICH
• Object WHO / WHOM WHICH
• RELATIVE PRONOUN CANNOT BE LEFT OUT

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Fill in the gaps with a relative pronoun

• The new terminal, ______ will be finished by May,
  has been designed by a famous architect
• Have you finished the book ______ I lent you?
• The Prime Minister, ______ the paparazzi follow
  everywhere, has a new girlfriend
• I dont know the man ______ arrived just after you

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PREPOSITIONS DR AND NDR

• Prepositions come at the end in most cases
• I can always rely on my friend ?
• Shes a friend I can always rely on
• I went to school with Mary ?
• This is Mary, who I went to school with
• Prepositions come before the pronoun in a formal
  written style
• She is a friend on whom I can rely
• It is a fact with which you cannot argue

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OTHER RELATIVE PRONOUNS

• WHICH
• WHOSE
• WHAT
• WHY
• WHEN
• WHERE

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WHICH

• Can be used in NDR clauses to refer to the whole
  of the sentence before
• She arrived on time, which amazed everybody
• They had everything ready for us, which was
  nice

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WHOSE

• Can be used in both DR and NDR clauses
• Thats the woman whose son ran over my dog
• My parents, whose only interest is gardening,
  never go away on holiday

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WHAT

• Is used in DR clauses to mean the thing that
• Has she told you whats worrying her?
• What you need is love

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WHY

• Can be used in DR clauses to mean the reason why
• I dont know why we are arguing

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WHEN, WHERE

• Can be used in DR and NDR clauses
• Tell me when you expect to arrive
• Well go on Monday, when Im free
• The hotel where we stayed was excellent
• He works in Oxford, where my sister lives

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AND FINALLY...
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REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES

• When a DR clause has a continuous or passive verb
  form, we can leave out who, that, which and the
  auxiliary
• Everyone (who is) living in the area complains
  about the noise
• The first novel (that was) written by Doris
  Lessing is The Grass Is Singing