President Dwight D. Eisenhower 1952-1960

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President Dwight D. Eisenhower1952-1960

• What were the Cold War fears faced by the
  American People, and how successfully did the
  Eisenhower Presidency address them?

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Communist Fears _at_ Home
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NATO
1949, THE YEAR OF SHOCK

• Soviets detonate their first atomic bomb..
• The question is raised, where did they get the
  technology the bomb?
• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg would be accused of
  giving away atomic bomb secrets.
• Charged with espionage they would be found guilty
  and executed in 1953.

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red scare3
H U A C

• House Committee for Un-American Activities

McCarran Act Internal Security Act of 1950 All
communists were to register and groups to give
lists of members

• 195077, Congress and FBI investigated Americans
  suspected as communists

• HUAC committee warned of civil rights violations
• Witnesses who refused to answer were cited for
  contempt of Congress

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red scare3
HOUSE COMMITTE FOR UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
Alger Hiss
Whitaker Chambers
Richard Nixon

• In 1948, Whittaker Chambers made accusations of
  Soviet espionage against former State Dept.
  official Alger Hiss
• Hiss found guilty of spying sentenced to 10 yrs
  in prison
• Richard Nixon, Congressmen from California was
  part of the HUAC that investigated Alger Hiss.

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red scare3
HOUSE COMMITTE FOR UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

• 1947 investigation led to prison sentences for
  contempt known as the Hollywood Ten.
• Blacklisted a list of persons who are under
  suspicion, disfavor, or censure, or who are not
  to be hired, served, or otherwise accepted.

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RED SCARE

• Red Scare was Americans response to the fear of
  Communism
• Senator Joseph McCarthy accused 205 US Govt.
  officials of being Communist.
• McCarthyism to destroy or assassinate ones
  character without proof and it ruined the careers
  of many Americans.

Became a witch hunt that led to Americans
pledging a loyalty oath to the United States.
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NATO
Nukes and the Space Race

• 1949
• Soviets detonate their first atomic bomb..
• 1950
• Soviets detonate their first Hydrogen bomb

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1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I

• Facts on Sputnik
• Aluminum sphere, 23 inches in diameter weighing
  184 pounds with four steel antennae emitting
  radio signals.
• Launched Oct. 4, 1957
• Stayed in orbit 92 days, until Jan. 4, 1958

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1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I

• Effects on the United States
• Americans fear a Soviet attack with missile
  technology

• Americans resolved to regain technological
  superiority over the Soviet Union
• In July 1958, President Eisenhower created NASA
  or National Space and Aeronautics Agency
• 1958 --gt National Defense Education Act

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Effects of Sputnik on United States

• Atomic Anxieties
• Duck-and-Cover Generation

• Atomic Testing
• Between July 16, 1945 and Sept. 23, 1992, the
  United States conducted 1,054 official nuclear
  tests, most of them at the Nevada Test Site.

Americans began building underground bomb
shelters and cities had underground fallout
shelters.
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Communist Fears Abroad
Eisenhower John Foster Dulles
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Truman vs. Eisenhower
ContainmentGeorge Kennan
BrinksmanshipJohn Foster Dulles

1. Marshall Plan
2. Truman Doctrine
3. Berlin Airlift
4. NATO
5. NSC 68
6. Korean War

1. Mutual security agreements.
2. Massive retaliation.
3. Domino Theory
4. CIA covert operations
5. Eisenhower Doctrine

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• Stalins Death (1953)
• Khrushchev (1956)
• peaceful coexistence
• Sputnik (1957)
• Second Berlin Crisis (1958)
• Khrushchev
• We will bury capitalism
• Support for Castro in Cuba (1959)
• Nixon and Khrushchev Kitchen Debate (1959)
• U-2 Incident (1960)

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U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Powers plane was shot down
over Soviet airspace.
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U-2 SPY PLANE

• U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower admitted on
  May 7 that the unarmed reconnaissance aircraft
  was indeed on a spy mission
• In response, Khrushchev cancelled a long-awaited
  summit meeting in Paris
• Powers was sentenced to ten years in a Soviet
  prison for his confessed espionage.
• year-and-a-half later, on February 10, 1962, the
  Soviets released him in exchange for Rudolph Abel
• Led to the Berlin Wall being built and the Cold
  War heating up again

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Responses to the Economy
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Domestic Policy

• Balanced, moderate
• Overall, a time of prosperity
• New Deal a part of modern life
• Expands farm aid, Social Security, housing,
  health services
• Highway Act of 1956
• 42,000 miles of interstate highways linking major
  cities
• Improve national defense
• Good for jobs, trucking
• Bad for the poor, public transportation

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Civil Rights

• 1953 Eisenhower appoints Earl Warren Chief
  Justice of the SC
• 1954 Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka
• Reverses Plessy v. Ferguson decision
• Separate educational facilities are inherently
  unequal

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Enforcement

• Little Rock Nine

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• Eisenhowers Farewell Address