Identification,%20Symptoms%20and%20nature%20of%20damage:%20Shoot%20Gall%20Psyllid%20and%20Leaf%20gall%20midges

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Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage
Shoot Gall Psyllid and Leaf gall midges
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What are Galls?

• Galls are abnormal growths of plant cells formed
  in response to egg-laying by adult insects or
  feeding by immatures.
• Eggs are usually laid in actively growing plant
  tissue.
• The effected plant tissue quickly surrounds the
  egg or immature insect, and protects and provides
  food for the gall-maker until it matures.
• Gall-makers may live in individual or communal
  chambers inside the gall.

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Mango Shoot gall psylla Apsylla
cistellata(Homoptera Psyllidae) 

• It is a serious pest of mango in northern India.
  It is reported from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and
  Terrai regions of northern India.

Source www.agritech.tnau.ac.in
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Identification

• Adults 3-4 mm long with black head and thorax
  and light brown abdomen. Membranous wings.
• Nymphs Freshly hatched nymphs are yellowish in
  colour, but change in size and colour with time

Nymphs
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Life Cycle

• It has a single generation per year.
• Adult females lay eggs into the midrib of leaves
  in March- April.
• Eggs hatch after 200 days.
• This pest creates green conical galls in leaf
  axis.
• Five nymphal instars are present and nymphal
  period is 140 days.
• Second instar nymph migrates to the already
  formed gall .
• Adults may live up to 30-72 h.

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Symptoms and Nature of damage

• The activity of the pest starts from August.
• The galls dry out after emergence of adults in
  March.
• The adult females lay eggs in the midribs as
  well as in lateral axis of new leaves.
• Nymphs emerge from eggs during August-September
  and crawl to the adjacent buds to suck cell sap.
  As a result of feeding, the buds develop into
  hard conical green galls.
• The galls are usually seen during
  September-October.
• Consequently, there is no fruit set.

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Mango leaf gall midge Procontarinia spp(Diptera
Ceccidomydiae)Symptoms

• Mango leaf gall midge produce wart-like galls on
  leaves resulting in reduced photosynthesis if
  left uncontrolled leading to leaf drop and
  lowered fruit production.
• It is spread by wind currents and movement of
  infested plant material.. 

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Life Cycle

• Midges are very small flies, 1-2 mm in length.
• The female lays eggs into the tissue of young
  leaves leaving a small reddish spot. The leaf
  tissue under the red spot becomes swollen and
  soft.
• Gall formation begins within seven days and
  attains a maximum diameter of 3-4 mm.
• Adults usually emerge from the underside of the
  leaf leaving the pupal skin protruding from the
  emergence hole.

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Summary

• Nymphs of Mango Shoot gall psylla Apsylla
  cistellata emerge during August September and
  suck cell sap from adjacent buds. As a result of
  feeding, buds develop into hard conical green
  galls.The galls are usually seen during
  September-October.Consequently there is no
  flowering and fruit setting. Nymphs pass winter
  inside the galls.
• Mango leaf gall midge produces wart-like galls
  on leaves resulting in reduced photosynthesis,
  leading to leaf drop and lowered fruit
  production. Younger trees may die while older
  trees fail to recover normal growth after
  repeated attacks.

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