Cellular Energy

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Cellular Energy
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What is the difference between carbohydrates,
lipids and proteins?
Biological Molecules Functions Examples
CARBOHYDRATES Store energy (quick energy) Provide structural support for cells Glucose Fructose Sucrose Lactose Cellulose Starch Glycogen
LIPIDS Store energy (long-term) Provide barriers Chemical messengers Fats (energy) Oils (energy) Wax (barrier) Phospholipid (barrier) Cholesterol (messenger) Hormones (messenger)
PROTEINS Transport substances Speed up reactions Provide structural support Defense Hemoglobin (transport) Enzymes (speed up) Collagen (structural support) Antibodies (defense)
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Classifying Carbohydrate Molecules
Category Example
MONOSACCHARIDE simple sugar One molecule of C6H12O6 Glucose Fructose
DISACCHARIDE Two monosaccharides linked together. Sucrose (table sugar) Lactose (milk)
POLYSACCHARIDE Three or more monosaccharides linked together. Starch (plants) Glycogen (animals) Cellulose (cell wall of plants)
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There are 2 different pathways organisms can
perform respiration
The process of breaking down glucose into energy.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPRIATION
ANEROBIC CELLULAR RESPRIATION
No O2 present
O2 present
Humans
O2 glucose Energy CO2
Yeast
Alcohol Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
CO2 glucose energy alcohol
CO2 glucose energy lactic acid
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Our cells need glucoseHow does a piece of bread
become glucose and find its way into our cells?
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Step 1

• The saliva in the mouth will start to chemically
  digest the polysaccharide bread (starch) into
  disaccharides.

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Step 2

• The wet ball of bread that is partially digested
  will now be pushed down the esophagus and into
  the stomach.

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Step 3

• The stomachs acid and enzymes will digest the
  polysaccharide and disaccharides remnants of
  bread into glucose monosaccharides.

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Step 4

• The bread has now been broken down into glucose.
  It will be absorbed through the walls of the
  intestines into the blood stream.

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Step 5

• The bloods circulatory system will transport the
  glucose to all parts of the body.

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Step 6

• The glucose will be absorbed into the cell
  through the process of diffusion. The glucose
  will then enter the mitochondria and be broken
  down for energy.

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Purpose of Cellular Respiration

• To break the bonds of glucose molecules into
  useable energy.
• The energy is released in the form of ATP.

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• Organelle Mitochondria
• Reactants (inputs) Oxygen, Glucose
• Products (outputs) ATP, CO2, Water

glucose
oxygen
Water
ATP
CO2
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What type of organisms perform cellular
respiration?

• Autotrophs

• Heterotrophs

• An organism that can capture sunlight energy and
  produce glucose (chemical energy).
• AKA producer
• Examples plants, algae some bacteria

• An organism that obtains chemical energy from the
  food it eats
• AKA consumer, herbivore, carnivore, decomposer,
  omnivore
• Examples animals, fungi, most bacteria

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Chemical Formula
Reactants (Into Mitochondria) Products (Out of Mitochondria)
Word Formula Glucose Oxygen Water Carbon Dioxide ATP Glucose Oxygen Water Carbon Dioxide ATP
Chemical Formula C6H12O6 O2 H2O CO2 ATP C6H12O6 O2 H2O CO2 ATP
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What is ATP?

• ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) a biological
  molecule that provides chemical energy for
  cellular activities

Glucose
ATP
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What is the function of ATP?

• ENERGY IS RELEASED WHEN
• The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups
  is broken, forming a molecule called ADP
  (adenosine diphosphate).

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• Anabolic ReactionS

• Catabolic Reactions

• Use energy to build larger molecules from smaller
  molecules
• Example Photosynthesis

• Release energy by breaking down larger molecules
  into smaller molecules
• Example
• Cellular Respiration

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Photosynthesis

• Purpose Converts sunlight energy into chemical
  energy (glucose).
• Organelle Chloroplast

CHLOROPLAST
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Reactants (Into the Chloroplast) Products (Out of the Chloroplast)
Word Formula Sunlight Water Carbon Dioxide Glucose Oxygen Sunlight Water Carbon Dioxide Glucose Oxygen
Chemical Formula Sunlight H2O CO2 C6H12O6 O2 Sunlight H2O CO2 C6H12O6 O2
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How does the chloroplast absorb sunlight energy?

• Chlorophyll Pigments Molecules that can absorb
  visible light waves. Below are the most common
  pigments found in plants
• Chlorophyll a
• Chlorophyll b

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Chlorophyll Absorption
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What are enzymes?

• ENZYMES are CATALYST proteins that help speed up
  chemical reactions. The enzyme is does not get
  used up during the reaction.

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What is the purpose of enzymes?
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• Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower the
  activation energy needed to start a chemical
  reaction inside living organisms . It allows the
  reaction to proceed quickly. The enzyme can be
  used again after each reaction.

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Each type of enzyme has a very specific role.
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Enzyme Name Job
Lipase Breaks down lipids (fats)
Peptidase Breaks down peptide ponds that hold amino acids together (proteins)
Lactase Breaks down lactose found in dairy products
Cellulase Breaks down cellulose found in cell walls
Pectinase Breaks down pectin found in cell walls
Polymerase Builds DNA
Rubisco Builds glucose molecules (a part of photosynthesis)
ATP Synthase Builds ATP molecules (a part of cellular respiration)
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• Just like how each enzyme has a very specific
  role, they each have a very specific shape

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1. Substrate binds to the specific active site on
the enzyme.
2. Bonds of substrate change and form a new
product.
3. Products are released. The enzyme will now
attach to a new substrate.
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Active Site Product Enzyme Substrate
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Product
Substrate
Active Site
Enzyme
Enzymes A Fun Introduction https//www.youtube.co
m/watch?vXTUm-75-PL4featurerelated
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How do factors such as temperature pH affect
enzyme activity?
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If an enzyme is NOT in its normal temperature or
pH environment, the enzyme will DENATURE
(denaturation) The enzymes bonds and
physical structure breaks, causing the enzyme to
change shape. The active site is no longer
functional.
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Denaturation