the Middle Ages

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the Middle Ages
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Periodization
Early Middle Ages 500 1000 High Middle Ages
1000 1250 Late Middle Ages 1250 - 1500
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Europe in the 6c
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The Medieval Catholic Church

• filled the power vacuum left from the
  collapse of the classical world.
• monasticism
• St. Benedict Benedictine Rule of poverty,
  chastity, and obedience.
• provided schools for the children of the upper
  class.
• inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
• libraries scriptoria to copy books and
  illuminate manuscripts.
• monks ? missionaries to the barbarians. St.
  Patrick, St. Boniface

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The Power of the Medieval Church

• bishops and abbots played a large part in the
  feudal system.
• the church controlled about 1/3 of the land
  in Western Europe.
• tried to curb feudal warfare ? only 40 days a
  year for combat.
• curb heresies ? crusades Inquisition
• tithe ? 1/10 tax on your assets given to the
  church.
• Peters Pence ? 1 penny per person paid by
  the peasants.

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A Medieval Monastery The Scriptorium
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Illuminated Manuscripts
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Romanesque Architectural Style

• Rounded Arches.
• Barrel vaults.
• Thick walls.
• Darker, simplistic interiors.
• Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

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Charlemagne 742 to 814
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Charlemagnes Empire
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Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor Dec.
25, 800
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The Carolingian Renaissance
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Carolingian Miniscule
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The Rise of European Monarchies
England
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Charlemagnes Empire CollapsesTreaty of Verdun,
843
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Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on
loyalty and military service.
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Carcassonne A Medieval Castle
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Parts of a Medieval Castle
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The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE
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Chivalry A Code of Honor and Behavior
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The Medieval Manor
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Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
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The "Renaissance" of the 12c
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William the ConquerorBattle of Hastings,
1066(Bayeaux Tapestry)
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The Norman Conquest

• 1042 Danes were driven out of England and a
  Saxon called Edward the Confessor ruled
• 1066 Edward died childless William, Duke of
  Normandy claimed the throne
• Saxons refused him and elected Harold of Wessex
• 1066 William and his forces landed at Hastings
  and defeated the Saxons
• Usually called William the Conqueror after this
• Eventually the 2 cultures mingled to form
  English language of today

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• Henry I ruled Normandy and England from 1100 to
  1135. He strengthened government by creating an
  effective royal bureaucracy.
• 1154-1189 Henry II on the throne in England.
  Married to Eleanor of Aquitaine which gave him
  control of a good portion of France
• Henry II is best known for reform of English
  legal system.

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Evolution of Englands Political System

• Henry I
• Williams son.
• set up a court system.
• Exchequer ? dept. of royal finances.

• Henry II
• established the principle of common law
  throughout the kingdom.
• grand jury.
• trial by jury.

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Evolution of Englands Political System

• Henry I
• Williams son.
• set up a court system.
• Exchequer ? dept. of royal finances.

• Henry II
• established the principle of common law
  throughout the kingdom.
• grand jury.
• trial by jury.

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The Beginnings of the British Parliament

• Great Council
• middle class merchants, townspeople burgesses
  in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.
  were added at the end of the 13c.
• eventually called Parliament.
• by 1400, two chambers evolved
• House of Lords ? nobles clergy.
• House of Commons ? knights and burgesses.

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• 1163 Henry II wanted church people to be tried
  and convicted by royal court
• Thomas a Beckett, Archbishop of Canterbury,
  refused. They had a series of confrontations.
• 1170 the Kings knights killed Becket.
• 1189-1199 Richard I (the Lionheart) reigned. Out
  of the 10 years he was king was only in England
  for 6 months. Depleted the treasury
• 1199 1216 evil brother John comes to throne.
• Cruel and oppressive. Overtaxes the people.

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Magna Carta, 1215

• King John I
• Runnymeade
• Great Charter
• monarchs were not above the law.
• kings had to consult a council of
  advisors.
• kings could not tax arbitrarily.

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The Rise of European Monarchies
France
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Gothic Architectural Style

• Pointed arches.
• High, narrow vaults.
• Thinner walls.
• Flying buttresses.
• Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.
• Stained-glass windows.

Flying Buttresses
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Pope Urban II Preaching a Crusade
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Setting Out on Crusade
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Christian Crusades East and West
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Cause and Effect

• Contributing Factors
• Feudalism
• Chivalry
• Religious idealism
• Weakening of Byzantine Empire
• Immediate Causes
• Conquests by Seljuk Turks
• Byzantine emperors call for help
• Popes ambition to reunite Christendom
• Popes appeal to Christian knights
• Knights religious zeal and earthly ambitions
• Italian cities desire for commercial power

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• Immediate effects of the Crusades
• Temporary land gains in Palestine
• Sack of Constantinople
• Temporary gain in papal prestige
• Long-Term Effects
• Decline of papal prestige
• Decline of feudal power
• Increase in monarchs power
• Increased religious intolerance
• Expansion of trade by Italian cities

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Medieval Universities
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Oxford University
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Late Medieval Town Dwellings
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Medieval Trade
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Medieval Guilds
Guild Hall

• Commercial Monopoly
• Controlled membership apprentice ? journeyman
  ? master craftsman
• Controlled quality of the product masterpiece.
• Controlled prices

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Medieval Guilds A Goldsmiths Shop
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Crest of a Coopers Guild