THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• Its Parts and Functions

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Gland Hormone Chart
Gland Hormone Destination Action
1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary Posterior Anterior Oxytocin Skip 3-4 lines
3. Thyroid
4. Parathyroid
5. Adrenal Medulla Cortex
6. Gonads Testes Ovaries
7. Pineal
8. Thymus
9. Pancreas Insulin Glucagon
Add these
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• Nervous System - body control
• NERVE IMPULSES
• Endocrine System - body regulator
• HORMONES

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What is a GLAND?

• It is an organ that develops a secretion which
  performs specific functions.

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The Endocrine System

• Is made up of ductless glands.
• Ductless means without tubes

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HORMONES

• Comes from the Greek word which means to arouse
• Are chemical messengers formed from substances
  taken from the blood.
• They circulate throughout the body exert
  specific effects on tissues, organs or other
  glands located some distance away from the cells
  that secrete them.

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• Our body needs a certain hormone at one time ,
  but not at all times.
• (ex. Firemans adrenaline rush)
• Your endocrine glands does not release hormones
  continuously. There are signals within the body
  that tell each gland to secrete hormones. There
  are also some signals that tell the gland to stop.

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PINEAL POSTERIOR PITUITARY ANTERIOR
PITUITARY THYROID THYMUS ADRENALS PANCREAS OV
ARIES TESTIS (es)
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Pituitary Gland

• LOCATION
• found at the base of the brain
• DESCRIPTION
• called the master gland because it controls
  most of the other endocrine glands.

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The pituitary gland has two lobes The Anterior
and Posterior
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Hormones Secreted by the Posterior Pituitary
HORMONE TARGET TISSUES Destination FUNCTION Action
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Kidney Increases water reabsorption
2. Oxytocin -Uterus -Mammary Gland -Stimulates labor -Initiates milk ejection
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Hormones Released by the Anterior Pituitary
HORMONE TARGET TISSUES FUNCTION
1. Growth Hormone (GH) Most tissues Stimulates body growth
2. Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyroid Gland Stimulates release of T3 and T4
3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Adernal Cortex Stimulates secretion of hormones from cortex
4. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Ovaries/Testis FEMALE -Promotes ovulation hormone production MALE Sperm production
5. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Follicles in ovary Seminiferous Tubules in Testis FEMALE egg production MALE - sperm production
6. Prolactin (PRL) Ovary Mammary Gland in females, testis in males Promotes lactation (low levels in males high levels affect testosteron levels)

• 12 year old boy
• Measure 6-5
• Oversecreation of growth hormone
• Occurs during childhood

• Acromegaly
• Occurs in adults
• Bones of hands face and feet are enlarged
• Do to the release of growth hormone.

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Thyroid Gland

• LOCATION at the base of the neck (just below the
  larynx
• DESCRIPTION soft, brownish-red organ shaped like
  a butterfly.

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Hormone Destination Action
T3 Triiodothyronine Most tissues Embryonic development body temperature, growth, heartrate
T4 Thyroxine Most tissues Increases metabolism, blood pressure regulates tissue growth
Calcitonin Primarily bone Childhood regulation of blood calcium levels through uptake by bone
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Goiter

• Not enough iodine in the diet (iodine defiance)
• Causes swelling of the thyroid gland

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Goiter
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Parathyroid Gland

• LOCATION attached to the back of the thyroid
  gland
• DESCRIPTION 2 pairs of pea-sized glands

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Parathyroid
Hormone Destination Action
Parathyroid Hormone (Parathormone) Bone kidney Increases blood calcium levls through action on bone, kidneys and intestine


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Adrenal Glands

• LOCATION
• found above the kidneys
• DESCRIPTION
• cone-shaped glands

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Hormome Destination Action
MEDULLA MEDULLA MEDULLA
Epinephrine (aka adrenaline, the emergency hormone) Skeletal muscle Heart Blood vessels Bronchioles Short-term stress response increased BSL, vasoconstriction, increases heart rate, blood diversion
Norepinephrine Skeletal muscle Heart Blood vessels Bronchioles Short-term stress response increased BSL, vasoconstriction, increases heart rate, blood diversion
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Hormome Destination Action
CORTEX CORTEX CORTEX
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) Mineralocorticoids Skeletal muscle Heart Blood vessels Kidneys Long-term stress response increased BSL, immune suppression
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Testes

• LOCATION
• near the penis
• DESCRIPTION
• pair of glands that functions to produce sperm
  cells.

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TESTES
Hormome Destination Action
Testosterone Many male tissues organs Secondary Sexual characteristics Body/Facial hair Muscle mass Voice Etc
Testosterone Testes Sperm production
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Ovaries

• LOCATION
• located on one side of the uterus
• DESCRIPTION
• pair of glands that functions to produce egg
  cells/ova.

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OVARIES
Hormome Destination Action
Estrogen Many female tissues organ 1. Secondary Sexual characteristics Breasts Widened hips Armpit/pubic hair 2. Menstrual cycle
Progesterone Uterus Menstrual cycle pregnancy


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Pineal Glands

• LOCATION
• found near the base of the brain
• DESCRIPTION
• outgrowth of the brain

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HORMONE DESTINATION ACTION
Melatonin Brain (hypothalamus) and many tissues / organs Regulates the biological clock, day/night cycle
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Thymus Glands

• LOCATION
• located in the upper part of the chest, below the
  neck
• DESCRIPTION
• consists of 2 lobes

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Hormone Destination Action
Thymosin Immune tissues Promotes immune system development function Development of T lymphocytes

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Pancreas

• LOCATION lies behind the stomach
• DESCRIPTION elongated tapers at one end

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Hormone Destination Action
Insulin Liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue Lowers blood sugar level
glucagon Liver Raises blood sugar level




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Diabetes

• Undersecretion of insulin.
• High blood sugar

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Summary

• Some endocrine glands perform only hormonal
  functions. Others are mixed glands. They produce
  hormones and perform other functions as well.
• Each part of the endocrine system produces
  different hormones that affect other parts of the
  body.

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Quiz

• Write TRUE if the statement is true . If the
  statement is FALSE, change the underlined word or
  phrase to make it true.
• ______1. The parts of the endocrine system are
  not connected to one another.
• ______2. Endocrine glands are ductless glands.
• ______3. The endocrine system controls the body
  through nerve impulses.
• ______4. Oversecretion of the growth hormone
  causes dwarfism.
• ______5. Insulin lowers the amount of calcium in
  the blood.

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• ______6. When blood sugar level is low, glucagon
  raises it.
• ______7. The testes produces estrogen.
• ______8. The hormone that stimulates the body for
  fight or flight is thymosin.
• ______9. The bodys biological clock is
  stimulated by melatonin produced by the pineal
  gland.
• ______10. The menstrual cycle in females is
  stimulated by testosterone and progesterone.

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ASSIGNMENT

• Research for pictures of people who have
  DISORDERS of Endocrine System. Name the disorder
  and paste it on your notebook.