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The Phoenicians

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Title: The Phoenicians


1
Unit 3
2
The Phoenicians
What does this map reveal about the Phoenicians?
3
The Phoenicians
  • What were they famous for?
  • Invented the alphabet.

4
Persian Empire under Darius, 521-486 B.C.E.
5
Persian Rule
  • Divided into twenty provinces
  • ruled by a Persian satrap or governor
  • Persian control -
  • building and patrolling the royal roads
  • use of secret agents
  • Why were the Persians successful rulers?
  • willing to adapt to local circumstances, to learn
    from those with experience, and to utilize the
    skills of non-Persians

6
Map of Greece
Troy
Athens
Sparta
Crete
7
Greeks
  • Small city-states developed
  • Lack of natural resources
  • spurred the growth of maritime commerce.
  • Contact with other peoples brought in new ideas
    and technologies.

8
Greek Gods
  • People emulated the Gods behavior
  • Anthropomorphic
  • Influenced peoples actions
  • Gods lived on Mt. Olympus
  • Each God controlled a specific part of the
    universe.

9
The Parthenon
Dedicated to the Goddess Athena Parthenon. Built
between 447 BCE and 438 BCE.
10
New Technique Phalanx
  • Each city-state had citizen-soldiers
  • A new method of fighting emerged called phalanx
  • A massive formation of heavily armed foot
    soldiers that moved in unison

11
Sparta
  • Military Society
  • Gov led by two kings and 20 counselors
  • largest and most sophisticated army in the known
    world
  • Forbade trade, travel and free speech!
  • Needed army to control slave (helot) population
  • Outnumbered 20 to 1
  • Control lasted over 250 years.

12
Spartan Military Life
  • Army governed life
  • What did it mean for a man?
  • Trained in military
  • -Started at age 7
  • -Marry at 20 but live
  • in barracks
  • -Retire at 60
  • 53 years of service!
  • Males can vote at 30

Reading Sparta, The training of Youth
13
Athens
  • It is the place where democracy was born.

14
Pericles Funeral Oration
Our constitution is called a democracy because
power is in the hands not of a minority but of
the whole people. We alone regard a man who
takes no interest in public affairs not as
harmless, but as a useless character.
--Pericles 431 B.C.
15
Athenian Democracy
  • Only those with both parents born in Athens could
    have citizenship
  • Athens had a direct democracy all male citizens
    had the right to attend the Assembly and a vote.
  • met 40 times a year
  • No elections, leaders chosen by drawing lots
  • Member of 500

16
The Persian Wars Overview
  • The threat of the powerful Persian empire united
    the Greek city-states.
  • Around 500B.C. Greeks were attacked by the
    Persians
  • Greeks joined together to fight Persians
  • 3 Persian Wars (499-479 BCE)

17
The Impact of the Persian Wars
  1. Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state.
  2. Athens used the Delian League (alliance of 150
    city states) to create an Athenian empire.
  3. With Pericles as its leader, Athens enters into
    its Golden Age!

18
AlliaPeloponnesian War nce System Fails!
19
The Peloponnesian War CAUSES
  • Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League
  • Sparta and Athens rivaling for supremacy

20
The Peloponnesian War
  • 27 year war ensues
  • Pericles brings all the people into the city
  • He depends on the navy, high walls and food
    supplies to string out the war

21
A Mysterious Plague Hits Athens!
  • Plague destroys 1/3 of Athenian population

22
The Peloponnesian War Effects
  1. Persia gained control of many city-states
  2. Defeated democracy in Greece
  3. Sparta would eventually fall to Persia
  4. Athens cultural influence continues

23
The Three Great Greek ThinkersWho are they?
24
Socrates
  • the unexamined life is not worth living.
  • Socratic Method
  • question answer approach helped people
    recognize they didnt have all the answers!
  • Know thy self
  • Self-examination leads to correct behavior and
    ethical living.

25
Socrates on Trial----WHY?
  • Seen by many to not believe in the gods
  • Feared that he was corrupting the minds of the
    youth!
  • He is found guilty and put to death! A scapegoat

26
Great Philosophers of Greece
  • The Death of Socrates Painted in France in 1787
  • How does it depict this famous man?
  • -Noble, dignified forceful.
  • -He is ready to meet his death but not before he
    speaks his mind!

27
Plato
  • Author of
  • The Republic
  • No family or personal property common good
    government
  • Yet the government should regulate every aspect
    of its citizens lives!
  • Philosopher king should rule

Started a school called The Academy
28
Aristotle
  • Supports family personal property
  • A government that features three social classes
  • Favored a single virtuous, strong ruler
  • Taught Alexander the Great

29
Alexander the Great (336-323) B.C.E.
  • Accomplishments
  • Conquers Egypt, Mediterranean Sea region, Persia,
    and far as Pakistan
  • Declared pharaoh in Egypt
  • Alexander had encouraged blending by marrying a
    Persian woman and adopting Persian customs.
  • Builds capital of Alexandria and many other
  • Center of the Hellenistic world

30
The Empire of Alexander the Great
31
The Legacy of Alexander
  • 327 B.C.E. attempts to conquer India
  • Alexander dies in Babylon of malaria after 13
    years as king
  • Empire broken up into 3 Macedonian dynasties
  • Alexanders most lasting achievement was the
    spread of Greek culture

32
Ancient Rome
From a Republic to an Empire
509 B.C.E 476 CE
33
Geography and Rome
1
  • Why was it easier for the Romans to unite than
    the Greeks?
  • Rome is located on the Italian Peninsula.
  • Rich soil
  • Mild climate
  • Center of Mediterranean Sea

34
Roman Religion
  • Adopted Greek gods
  • Jupiter is Zeus
  • Mars is Ares
  • Venus is Aphrodite

35
Roman Republic Est. 507 BCE
  • What is republic?
  • All citizens with the right to vote choose their
    leaders.
  • Is it a democracy?
  • Male citizens could attend, but votes of wealthy
    class counted more

36
Patricians Vs. Plebeians
  • Patricians (senate 300)
  • Upper class aristocrats who owned land and
    controlled the government the economy
  • Plebeians
  • Farmers, merchants, artisans and traders
  • Who has the power?
  • Senate

37
The Roman Republic GovernmentSee handout
1
2
300 men
Tribunes
Majority of Population
Plebeians
No power
Slaves
38
The Rule of Law Five Basic Principles
  • People equal under law
  • The accused can face accuser and defend the
    charge
  • Decisions based on fairness
  • Innocent until proven guilty
  • Guilt must be clearly established

39
What was the fashion of the day? Togas (upper
class), stolas, pallas, tunics, leather sandals,
and palla cloaks for the soldiers!
Roman Dress
citizen, matron, magistrate, emperor,
general, workman, slave
Roman Clothing
40
The Republics Military
  • Who could serve in the military?
  • First only patricians served in the army
  • Senate turned to all citizens including the
    plebeians to serve!
  • What was the requirement?
  • Must possess land

41
The Punic Wars 264 -202 BCE
  • Rome vs. Carthage
  • Fought 3 Punic Wars
  • Result The Mediterranean belongs to Rome

42
The Rise of Julius Caesar
  • Elected consul in 60 B.C.
  • Accomplishments
  • Conquered territories
  • Gaul, Germanic tribes, Britain
  • Seen as a military hero-
  • Becomes dictator for life in 45 B.C.E

43
Distributed free grain
Army veterans given land
Aligned with the solar year
Colonies established for trade
Provided jobs for poor
Course of Tiber River altered
Built roads bridges to connect empire All
roads lead to Rome
Libraries, temples Forum built
44
Roman EmpireEstablished
  • The 500-year republic comes to an end.
  • Civil wars were fought over the question of who
    should hold power
  • The Roman senate gives Octavian the title of
    Augustus Caesar, or Exalted One the first
    citizen of Rome.
  • The age of the Roman Empire begins in 31 B.C.E

45
Roman Empire
  • Augustus laid the foundation for a stable
    government that would function well for 200
    years.
  • This period was called the Pax Romana.
  • Romans were generally tolerant of all religions
    including Jews and Christians
  • As long as they respected Roman Gods and Emperors

46
  • Augustus Reforms
  • Created efficient civil service to enforce the
    laws.
  • Opened up high-level jobs to men of talent,
    regardless of race.
  • Allowed cities and provinces to govern
    themselves.
  • Ordered a census, or population count, in order
    to make the tax system more fair.
  • Set up a postal service and issued unified
    monetary system of coins.
  • Employed the jobless.

47
The Empire Expands
How did the empire maintain control and
communication?
48
Good Emperors
  • Marcus Aurelius, last good emperor of the Pax
    Romana era.
  • Philosopher Emperor
  • His son Commodus began the reign of bad emperors
    leading to Romes decline.

49
Two Reformers
  • Diocletian
  • Divided the empire into two parts to make it
    easier to govern
  • Fixed prices to slow inflation, or the rapid rise
    of prices
  • Established laws to ensure steady production of
    food and goods

50
Constantine
  • Continued Diocletians reforms
  • Converted to Christianity and granted toleration
    to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of
    Christianity
  • Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the
    eastern part of the empire the center of power

51
Divided Roman Empire
52
Roman Achievements
  • Technology
  • Developed concrete
  • Arches
  • Created aqueducts for piped water
  • Built an extensive road system over 50,000 miles

53
Engineering Wonders
Roman Engineering Accomplishments Roman Roads

54
Colosseum Circus Maximus
  • Colosseum 80 C.E.
  • Held gladiator animal fights
  • Held 50,000 people
  • Circus Maximus
  • Held chariot races
  • Held 250,000
  • Bread and Circus Policy
  • Used to control Roman citizens

55
2
The Roman Empire at Its Height
Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt.
56
Divided Empire
  • Weaker co-emperor in Rome
  • Best generals serve eastern emperor
  • No western leadership
  • Capital moved to Constantinople

57
Foreign Invasions
  • A weakened Rome could not withstand the forces of
    Hun and Germanic invasions.
  • 476 CE end of the Western Roman empire

58
5
Review The Decline and Fall of Rome
59
Spread of Christianity
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