Title: The Phoenicians
1Unit 3
2The Phoenicians
What does this map reveal about the Phoenicians?
3The Phoenicians
- What were they famous for?
- Invented the alphabet.
4Persian Empire under Darius, 521-486 B.C.E.
5Persian Rule
- Divided into twenty provinces
- ruled by a Persian satrap or governor
- Persian control -
- building and patrolling the royal roads
- use of secret agents
- Why were the Persians successful rulers?
- willing to adapt to local circumstances, to learn
from those with experience, and to utilize the
skills of non-Persians
6Map of Greece
Troy
Athens
Sparta
Crete
7Greeks
- Small city-states developed
- Lack of natural resources
- spurred the growth of maritime commerce.
- Contact with other peoples brought in new ideas
and technologies.
8Greek Gods
- People emulated the Gods behavior
- Anthropomorphic
- Influenced peoples actions
- Gods lived on Mt. Olympus
- Each God controlled a specific part of the
universe.
9The Parthenon
Dedicated to the Goddess Athena Parthenon. Built
between 447 BCE and 438 BCE.
10New Technique Phalanx
- Each city-state had citizen-soldiers
- A new method of fighting emerged called phalanx
- A massive formation of heavily armed foot
soldiers that moved in unison
11Sparta
- Military Society
- Gov led by two kings and 20 counselors
- largest and most sophisticated army in the known
world - Forbade trade, travel and free speech!
- Needed army to control slave (helot) population
- Outnumbered 20 to 1
- Control lasted over 250 years.
12Spartan Military Life
- Army governed life
- What did it mean for a man?
- Trained in military
- -Started at age 7
- -Marry at 20 but live
- in barracks
- -Retire at 60
- 53 years of service!
- Males can vote at 30
Reading Sparta, The training of Youth
13Athens
- It is the place where democracy was born.
14Pericles Funeral Oration
Our constitution is called a democracy because
power is in the hands not of a minority but of
the whole people. We alone regard a man who
takes no interest in public affairs not as
harmless, but as a useless character.
--Pericles 431 B.C.
15Athenian Democracy
- Only those with both parents born in Athens could
have citizenship - Athens had a direct democracy all male citizens
had the right to attend the Assembly and a vote. - met 40 times a year
- No elections, leaders chosen by drawing lots
- Member of 500
16The Persian Wars Overview
- The threat of the powerful Persian empire united
the Greek city-states. - Around 500B.C. Greeks were attacked by the
Persians - Greeks joined together to fight Persians
- 3 Persian Wars (499-479 BCE)
17The Impact of the Persian Wars
- Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state.
- Athens used the Delian League (alliance of 150
city states) to create an Athenian empire. - With Pericles as its leader, Athens enters into
its Golden Age!
18AlliaPeloponnesian War nce System Fails!
19 The Peloponnesian War CAUSES
- Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League
- Sparta and Athens rivaling for supremacy
-
20The Peloponnesian War
- 27 year war ensues
- Pericles brings all the people into the city
- He depends on the navy, high walls and food
supplies to string out the war -
21A Mysterious Plague Hits Athens!
- Plague destroys 1/3 of Athenian population
22 The Peloponnesian War Effects
- Persia gained control of many city-states
- Defeated democracy in Greece
- Sparta would eventually fall to Persia
- Athens cultural influence continues
23The Three Great Greek ThinkersWho are they?
24Socrates
- the unexamined life is not worth living.
- Socratic Method
- question answer approach helped people
recognize they didnt have all the answers! - Know thy self
- Self-examination leads to correct behavior and
ethical living.
25Socrates on Trial----WHY?
- Seen by many to not believe in the gods
- Feared that he was corrupting the minds of the
youth! - He is found guilty and put to death! A scapegoat
26Great Philosophers of Greece
- The Death of Socrates Painted in France in 1787
- How does it depict this famous man?
- -Noble, dignified forceful.
- -He is ready to meet his death but not before he
speaks his mind!
27Plato
- Author of
- The Republic
- No family or personal property common good
government - Yet the government should regulate every aspect
of its citizens lives! - Philosopher king should rule
Started a school called The Academy
28Aristotle
- Supports family personal property
- A government that features three social classes
- Favored a single virtuous, strong ruler
- Taught Alexander the Great
29Alexander the Great (336-323) B.C.E.
- Accomplishments
- Conquers Egypt, Mediterranean Sea region, Persia,
and far as Pakistan - Declared pharaoh in Egypt
- Alexander had encouraged blending by marrying a
Persian woman and adopting Persian customs. - Builds capital of Alexandria and many other
- Center of the Hellenistic world
30The Empire of Alexander the Great
31The Legacy of Alexander
- 327 B.C.E. attempts to conquer India
- Alexander dies in Babylon of malaria after 13
years as king - Empire broken up into 3 Macedonian dynasties
- Alexanders most lasting achievement was the
spread of Greek culture
32Ancient Rome
From a Republic to an Empire
509 B.C.E 476 CE
33Geography and Rome
1
- Why was it easier for the Romans to unite than
the Greeks? - Rome is located on the Italian Peninsula.
- Rich soil
- Mild climate
- Center of Mediterranean Sea
34Roman Religion
- Adopted Greek gods
- Jupiter is Zeus
- Mars is Ares
- Venus is Aphrodite
35Roman Republic Est. 507 BCE
- What is republic?
- All citizens with the right to vote choose their
leaders. - Is it a democracy?
- Male citizens could attend, but votes of wealthy
class counted more
36Patricians Vs. Plebeians
- Patricians (senate 300)
- Upper class aristocrats who owned land and
controlled the government the economy - Plebeians
- Farmers, merchants, artisans and traders
- Who has the power?
- Senate
37The Roman Republic GovernmentSee handout
1
2
300 men
Tribunes
Majority of Population
Plebeians
No power
Slaves
38The Rule of Law Five Basic Principles
- People equal under law
- The accused can face accuser and defend the
charge - Decisions based on fairness
- Innocent until proven guilty
- Guilt must be clearly established
39What was the fashion of the day? Togas (upper
class), stolas, pallas, tunics, leather sandals,
and palla cloaks for the soldiers!
Roman Dress
citizen, matron, magistrate, emperor,
general, workman, slave
Roman Clothing
40The Republics Military
- Who could serve in the military?
- First only patricians served in the army
- Senate turned to all citizens including the
plebeians to serve! - What was the requirement?
- Must possess land
41The Punic Wars 264 -202 BCE
- Rome vs. Carthage
- Fought 3 Punic Wars
- Result The Mediterranean belongs to Rome
42The Rise of Julius Caesar
- Elected consul in 60 B.C.
- Accomplishments
- Conquered territories
- Gaul, Germanic tribes, Britain
- Seen as a military hero-
- Becomes dictator for life in 45 B.C.E
43Distributed free grain
Army veterans given land
Aligned with the solar year
Colonies established for trade
Provided jobs for poor
Course of Tiber River altered
Built roads bridges to connect empire All
roads lead to Rome
Libraries, temples Forum built
44Roman EmpireEstablished
- The 500-year republic comes to an end.
- Civil wars were fought over the question of who
should hold power - The Roman senate gives Octavian the title of
Augustus Caesar, or Exalted One the first
citizen of Rome. - The age of the Roman Empire begins in 31 B.C.E
45Roman Empire
- Augustus laid the foundation for a stable
government that would function well for 200
years. - This period was called the Pax Romana.
- Romans were generally tolerant of all religions
including Jews and Christians - As long as they respected Roman Gods and Emperors
46- Augustus Reforms
- Created efficient civil service to enforce the
laws. - Opened up high-level jobs to men of talent,
regardless of race. - Allowed cities and provinces to govern
themselves. - Ordered a census, or population count, in order
to make the tax system more fair. - Set up a postal service and issued unified
monetary system of coins. - Employed the jobless.
47The Empire Expands
How did the empire maintain control and
communication?
48Good Emperors
- Marcus Aurelius, last good emperor of the Pax
Romana era. - Philosopher Emperor
- His son Commodus began the reign of bad emperors
leading to Romes decline.
49Two Reformers
- Diocletian
- Divided the empire into two parts to make it
easier to govern - Fixed prices to slow inflation, or the rapid rise
of prices - Established laws to ensure steady production of
food and goods
50Constantine
- Continued Diocletians reforms
- Converted to Christianity and granted toleration
to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of
Christianity - Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the
eastern part of the empire the center of power
51Divided Roman Empire
52Roman Achievements
- Technology
- Developed concrete
- Arches
- Created aqueducts for piped water
- Built an extensive road system over 50,000 miles
53Engineering Wonders
Roman Engineering Accomplishments Roman Roads
54Colosseum Circus Maximus
- Colosseum 80 C.E.
- Held gladiator animal fights
- Held 50,000 people
- Circus Maximus
- Held chariot races
- Held 250,000
- Bread and Circus Policy
- Used to control Roman citizens
552
The Roman Empire at Its Height
Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt.
56Divided Empire
- Weaker co-emperor in Rome
- Best generals serve eastern emperor
- No western leadership
- Capital moved to Constantinople
57Foreign Invasions
- A weakened Rome could not withstand the forces of
Hun and Germanic invasions. - 476 CE end of the Western Roman empire
585
Review The Decline and Fall of Rome
59Spread of Christianity