Reconstruction

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Reconstruction

• Triumph of Race and Politics
• 1863-1877

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Reconstruction Began as War Measure

• First Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincolns 10 Plan
• Goal was an easy peace to shorten war

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Who Should Control ReconstructionCongress or
President?

• Wade-Davis Bill
• Lincoln Pocket Veto
• Assassination of Lincoln left question unresolved
  when Andrew Johnson became president.

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Lincolns Second Inaugural
With malice toward none with charity for all
with firmness in the right, as God gives us to
see the right, let us strive on to finish the
work we are in to bind up the nation's wounds
to care for him who shall have borne the battle,
and for his widow, and his orphan--to do all
which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting
peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.
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Freedmans Bureau

• Relief and Education
• Clothing
• Medicine
• Custody of confiscated lands
• Built schools

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Freedmans Bureau Schools
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Andrew Johnson

• Rags to Riches Story
• Initially a darling of and later a disappointment
  to Radical Republicans
• Reconstruction Plan (Proclamation of AmnestyMay
  1865) similar to Lincolns

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Andrew Johnson
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Radical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens, Charles
Sumner, Ben Wade
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Southerners Dont Get It

• Elect ex-CSA leaders to Congress, including
  Alexander Stephens
• Black Codes
• Race Riots

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Radicals Respond

• Barely failed to override Johnsons Veto of Bill
  to Extend Life of Freedmans Bureau
• Overrode Johnsons Veto of CRA of 1866
• Enacted a new Freedmens Bureau
• Sent 14th Amendment to Statesratified by them in
  1868
• Radicals insisted on Civil Rights for former
  slaves

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Radicals on a RollMarch 2, 1867

• Military Reconstruction Act
• Command of the Army Act
• Tenure of Office Act

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Military Reconstruction Act--1867

• Divided South into Military Districts
• Southern StatesExcept for TNwould write new
  constitutions w/ Universal Adult Male Suffrage
• States had to ratify 14th amendment
• Subsequent legislation gave Army power to
  register voters and to disqualify disloyal
  persons from registering

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South Readmitted

• By 1870, Southern states were readmitted
• Some had to ratify 15th amendment
• Reconstruction Constitutions were mostly
  LIBERALwritten by Carpetbaggers

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Johnson Impeached

• Vote to remove was 35 to 18, one shy of the 2/3
  needed
• Radicals didnt need to remove Johnson by the
  time of his trial it was 1868, an election year
  he could simply be ignored.

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Major Achievements of Reconstruction

• 14th and 15th Amendments
• African American Participation in Public Life
• Readmission of Southern States

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14th Amendment

• National Definitions of Citizenship
• Equal Protection Clause
• Due Process Clause
• High Confederate Officials banned from national
  office
• Confederate debt repudiated

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15th Amendment

• The right of citizens of the United States to
  vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
  United States or by any State on account of race,
  color, or previous condition of servitude.

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Failure of Reconstruction

• Southern whites were violently opposed to black
  rights many in north were indifferent
• Rise of KKK
• Where army was present, KKK leaders were
  apprehended and imprisoned
• Land Reformblacks (and poor whites) left to farm
  tenancy (sharecropping)

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WHITE SUPREMACY
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Freedmens World

• Independent Churches
• Political Participation600 served in State
  legislatures up to the 1890s

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Grant Presidency

• Did attempt to enforce Reconstruction
• Presidency clouded by scandals
• Republican party divided between Stalwart and
  Liberal Republicanslittle energy left to devote
  to Reconstruction.

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President Grant
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1876 Presidential Election

• Disputed results between Hayes and Tilden
• Democrats accept result of Wormsley Hotel
  Conference
• Southerner named to Cabinet, army withdrawn from
  south, Southern Pacific railway

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