Properties of Matter

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Properties of Matter
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Matter

• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up
  space.
• Matter exists in many colors, shapes, textures
  and forms.
• All matter is made of very tiny particles that
  are constantly moving.
• Properties like mass, volume, and density are
  common to all matter.

• Other properties, such as color, texture, odor,
  luster, ability to dissolve in water, hardness,
  malleability, ductility, and transparency can be
  used to identify kinds of matter.
• Matters properties can be explained by the type
  of particles and the way that they are arranged.

These are all carbon. The diamond has a rigid
3-D framework. The graphite pencil is carbon
particles in layers. The smoke contains carbon
particles that are randomly arranged and weakly
held together.
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• Properties like mass, volume, and density are
  common to all matter.

• Other properties, such as color, texture, odor,
  luster, ability to dissolve in water, hardness,
  malleability, ductility, and transparency can be
  used to identify kinds of matter.
• Matters properties can be explained by the type
  of particles and the way that they are arranged
• What is the difference between a chemical and a
  physical property?

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Changes in Matter

• Matter that changes size, shape, or phase or is
  dissolved in water is undergoing a physical
  change.
• Physical changes do not change the kind of
  particles the matter is made of. They can change
  the arrangement of the particles.
• When substances are put together to make a
  mixture, this is also a physical change.

• Matter that is changed from one substance into
  another substance has undergone a chemical
  change.
• Chemical changes do change the kind of particle
  the matter is made of. You start with one kind
  of particle, and end up with a different kind of
  particle.
• Examples of chemical change are rusting,
  corrosion, cooking, and burning.

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Which Property does each picture represent
(chemical or physical)?
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Phases of Matter

• The three phases that occur naturally on earth
  are solid, liquid, and gas. All substances can
  exist as a solid, a liquid, or a gas if
  conditions are right.

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• Solids have a definite shape and a definite
  volume. This is because their particles are
  tightly packed together and cannot move from one
  place to another. The particles simply vibrate
  in place.

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Solids

• Even though we cannot see the particles of a
  solid, we can infer what their motion is like
  because of the behavior of the solid.
• A solid has definite volume and definite shape.
  The particles of a solid are tightly packed
  together with little space between them.
• The particles of a solid do not have enough
  kinetic energy to move from one place to another.
  They cannot change position.
• Thus, a solid retains its shape and its size.

Particles of a solid can only vibrate in place.
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• Liquids have a definite volume, but no definite
  shape. They take the shapes of their containers.
  This is because their particles are closely
  packed, but are also free to move around each
  other from place to place.

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Liquids

• A liquid can change its shape to fit whatever
  container it occupies. Therefore, we say that
  its shape is indefinite. A liquid does not
  change its size, so it has a definite volume.
• The particles of a liquid are almost as tightly
  packed as the particles of a solid.
• These particles have more kinetic energy and are
  able to move around each other from place to
  place.
• This particle movement allows a liquid to change
  its shape to fit the shape of its container.

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• Gases have no definite shape or volume. Gases
  expand to completely fill any container. Their
  particles are spaced very widely apart and move
  very fast in straight lines from place to place.

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Gases

• A gas can change its shape and also its size,
  depending on its temperature and pressure. We
  say that gases have indefinite shape and
  indefinite volume.
• A gas not only takes the shape of its container,
  but it also completely fills the container.
• The particles of a gas have lots of kinetic
  energy, and move very quickly from place to
  place, traveling in straight lines like very tiny
  bullets.
• They are not densely packed, but instead they are
  spread very far apart.

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Boyles Law and Charles Law

• Boyles Law - If a gas is kept at constant
  temperature, the pressure and volume of the gas
  are inversely proportional. As P increases, V
  will decrease, and as V is increased, P will
  decrease.

• Charles Law - If a gas is kept at constant
  pressure, the temperature and volume of the gas
  are directly proportional. As T increases, V
  will also increase.

At constant temperature
At constant pressure
As T increases, V also increases.
As P increases ,V decreases.
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Mixture combination of 2 or more pure
substances in which each pure substance retains
its individual chemical properties
Example sand and water, salt and water
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1. Heterogeneous Mixture one that does not
blend smoothly throughout and in which the
individual substances remain distinct Ex. Sand
and water, pizza
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2. Homogeneous Mixture constant composition
throughout, also referred to as solutions Ex.
Steel is a solid-solid solution that is called an
alloy homogenous mixture of metals Solution -
a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances
Example pure air is a homogeneous mixture, or
solution of elements (it is a combo of nitrogen,
oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and other gases)
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A solution is made up of a solute and a
solvent. The solute is the substance that
dissolves. The solvent is the substance that
does the dissolving.
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Water is the universal solvent. In an aqueous
solution (aq), the solvent is water in which the
solute is dissolved. saturated solution the
solvent contains as much dissolved solute as it
normally can at that temperature unsaturated
solution solution that contains less dissolved
solute than the solvent can normally hold at that
temperature. supersaturated solution a solution
that contains more solute than could usually be
dissolved at that temperature.
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solubility - the maximum quantity of a substance
that will dissolve in a certain quantity of water
at a specified temperature An increase in
temperature gives liquids and solids a greater
solubility. A decrease in temperature gives gas
a greater solubility.