Psychological Disorders

1
Chapter 18
2
Chapter 18

• Psychological Disorders
• Section 1
• Dont try and diagnose someone yourself, certain
  behaviors do not make for a psychological disorder

3
Psychological Disorders

• How does normal thoughts and behavior differ from
  abnormal thoughts and behaviors?

4
Cultural differences

• What difference does culture make in abnormal and
  normal behavior?
• How close can you stand to someone and have it be
  normal?
• Experiment- Find out what is the distance for how
  close someone can be to not invade your space
• Japan- 40 Inches Middle east 32 inches
  Ogallala?

5
Psychological disorder

• Behavior patterns or mental processes that cause
  serious personal suffering or interfere with a
  persons ability to to cope with every day life.

6
Numbers

• How much of the population have a disorder
• Up to 1/3
• Any given month 13 of the population is showing
  signs of a disorder.

7
What is abnormal or normal behavior?

• Usually differences are in the exaggeration of
  certain behaviors that leads to being classified
  as abnormal
• Example- Laughing and laughing at funerals- others

8
Symptoms of disorders

• diagnoses are not always simple or straightforward

9
What a Psychologist would look for when
diagnosing disorders
10
1. Typicality

• to what degree is it typical or average.
• Just because it is not typical does not mean its
  abnormal
• Examples

11
(No Transcript)
12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
What would be other examples?

• Plastic Surgery
• What you wear or dont wear
• What you eat or dont eat
• What is your past time
• Addictions

19
2. Maladaptivity

• Behavior impairs a persons ability to function
  adequately in everyday life
• Examples

20
3.Emotional discomfort

• If it is severe enough or last long enough then
  treatment will be needed.
• Examples

21
4. Socially Unacceptable behavior

• Must take into culture beliefs
• what is unacceptable to some may not be to
  others.
• Examples

22
Classifying Disorders

• DSM
• Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental
  Disorders
• DSM IV 18 Categories
• Page 414-book

23
Section 2

• Anxiety Disorders

24
When have you been anxious?

• Big game
• Test
• Meeting someone
• Anxiety is among the most common of the disorders
  in the United States.

25
Anxiety

• general state of dread or uneasiness that occurs
  in response to a danger or a threat.

26
Characteristics

• Nervousness, inability to relax, concern about
  losing control

27
Physical symptoms

• trembling, sweating, rapid pulse, flushed face,
  feelings of faintness or light-headedness

28
Types of Disorders

• 1. Phobic Disorder
• Phobia Greek word for fear
• Irrational fear of a particular object or
  situation
• must lead to behavior that interferes with a
  persons normal life

29
http//www.phobialist.com/reverse.htmlList of
phobias

• What type would be phobias that could lead to
  disrupting a persons life
• What is the difference between a phobia and a
  fear?

30

• Ablutophobia- Fear of washing or
  bathing.Acarophobia- Fear of itching or of the
  insects that cause itching.Acerophobia- Fear of
  sourness.Achluophobia- Fear of
  darkness.Acousticophobia- Fear of
  noise.Acrophobia- Fear of heights.Aerophobia-
  Fear of drafts, air swallowing, or airbourne
  noxious substances.Aeroacrophobia- Fear of open
  high places.Aeronausiphobia- Fear of vomiting
  secondary to airsickness.Agateophobia- Fear of
  insanity.Agliophobia- Fear of pain.Agoraphobia-
  Fear of open spaces or of being in crowded,
  public places like markets. Fear of leaving a
  safe place

31
Social Phobia

• Fear of social situations

32
2. Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
33
Panic attack

• relative short period of intense fear of
  discomfort
• shortness of breath, shaking, dizziness, rapid
  heart rate, sweating nausea or other physical
  symptoms.
• Lasts from a few minutes to a few hours

34
Agoraphobia

• fear of being in a place or situation
• makes up 50 -80 of all phobias

35
3. General Anxiety Disorder

• GAD
• unrealistic worry about life circumstances that
  last for at least 6 months
• very hard to distinguishes between other anxiety
  disorders.

36
4. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
37
obsessions

• unwanted thoughts, ideas, or mental images that
  occur over and over again
• often senseless or repulsive

38
Compulsions-

• repetitive rituals behaviors, often involving
  checking or cleaning
• number of times he chews his food
• touching a toilet seat
• washing hands
• Arranging things

39

• How far will you go in touching dirty things?
• Do you know how dirty money really is?
• Everyone touch an object?
• Everyone lick an object?

40
5. Stress Disorders
41
Post-traumatic stress disorder

• PTSD- video
• feelings of anxiety that are caused by experience
  so traumatic that it produces stress in almost
  everyone

42
Physical

• flashbacks, nightmares
• numbness of feelings
• avoidance of stimuli that caused the trauma
• increased tension
• may last for months or decades

43
Acute Stress disorder

• Same as PTSD but for a much shorter more intense
  period of time.

44
How to explain disorders?
45
Psychological views
46
Psychoanalytic theory

• hidden or repressed urges that have been
  repressed from childhood.

47
Learning Theory

• phobias are conditioned or learned during
  childhood.
• People learn to reduce their anxiety by avoiding
  the situation that causes the problem

48
Biological Views

• heredity may play a role
• Twin studies

49
Interaction of factors

• Both probably play a role in anxiety disorders

50
Section 3
51
Dissociate Disorders

• Separation of certain personality components or
  mental processes from conscious thought.

52
Normal activities

• Daydreaming
• get involved in something you lose track of
  things.
• Miss a road sign because of concentration on
  other things.

53
Dissociative Amnesia

• sudden loss of memory following a stressful or
  traumatic event
• Does not result from a head injury but is from
  the mind

54
Dissociative Fugue

• forgetting past events but also characterized by
  sudden relocation and taking on a new identity.
• New location as well

55
Dissociative Identity Disorder

• Multiple personalities.-video
• Personalities may not be aware of each other
• Vid 1 vid 2 vid 3
• may change physical as well as personality
  traits.
• Roles as an individual

56
(No Transcript)
57
Depersonalization Disorder

• Detachment from ones mental processes or body.

58
Section 4
59
Somatoform disorders
60
somatization

• refers to the expression of psychological
  distress through physical symptoms.
• Pain or paralysis

61
Many are mistreated as really physical not mental
problems
62
Conversion Disorder

• loss of a physical function for which there is no
  medical reason

63
Hypochondriasis

• Hypochondria
• an unhealthy fear of having or belief that one
  has a serious disease

64
Section 5

• Mood disorders

65
Major depression

• most common disorder

66
Must have 5 of the 9 characteristics to be
classified major depression.

• Depressed mood for most of the day
• loss of interest or pleasure in most activities
• loss or gain of weight
• sleeping more of less then usual

67

• speeding up or slowing down of physical or
  emotional reactions
• fatigue or loss of energy
• feeling of worthlessness of guilt
• reduced ability or concentrate or make decisions
• recurrent thoughts of suicide

68
Bipolar Disorder

• (manic Depression)
• Video-

69
mania

• extreme periods of hyperactivity and happy
  behavior
• inflated self esteem
• inability to sleep
• pressure to keep talking and changing subjects
  often
• racing thoughts
• difficulty concentrating
• Accompanied by extreme times of depression

70

• Bipolar- Frontline 1

71
Section 6

• Schizophrenia

72
Schizophrenia

• considered the most serious of the disorders
• loss of contact with reality
• appears in early adulthood
• difficult to treat-overview
• Video-Heather
• Gerald-

73
symptoms

• hallucination, delusions and thought
  disordersauditory voices

74
Delusions of grandeur

• They are someone famous, or important

75
Delusions of persecution

• someone is always after them

76
Organization problems

• Skip from topic to topic

77
Catatonic stupor

• immobile, expressionless, comalike state

78
Types of

• Paranoid Schizophrenia
• Disorganized Schizophrenia
• Catatonic schizophrenia

79
Section 7
80
Personality Disorders

• Personality- Page 430

81
Inflexible traits that disrupt social life or
work and or stress the affected individual
82
These tend to be a part of the persons
personality not something separate like a phobia
or schizophrenia
83
Paranoid Personality Disorder

• Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by
  a distrust of others and a constant suspicion
  that people around you have sinister motives.
  People with this disorder tend to have excessive
  trust in their own knowledge and abilities and
  usually avoid close relationships. They search
  for hidden meanings in everything and read
  hostile intentions into the actions of others.
  They are quick to challenge the loyalties of
  friends and loved ones and often appear cold and
  distant. They usually shift blame to other people
  and tend to carry long grudges.

84
Paranoid Personality Disorder

• Unwillingness to forgive perceived insults
• Excessive sensitivity to setbacks
• Distrustfulness and excessive self-reliance
• Projection of blame onto others
• Consumed by anticipation of betrayal
• Combative and tenacious adherence to personal
  rights
• Relentlessly suspicious

85
Schizoid Personality Disorder

• People with schizoid personality disorder avoid
  relationships and do not show much emotion.
  Unlike avoidants, schizoids genuinely prefer to
  be alone and do not secretly wish for popularity.
  They tend to seek jobs that require little social
  contact. Their social skills are often weak and
  they do not show a need for attention or
  acceptance. They are perceived by others as
  humorless and distant and often are termed
  "loners."

86
Schizoid Personality Disorder

• Weak interpersonal skills
• Difficulty expressing anger, even when provoked
• "Loner" mentality avoidance of social situations
  
• Appear to others as remote, aloof, and unengaged
• Unresponsive to praise or criticism

87
Antisocial

• A common misconception is that antisocial
  personality disorder refers to people who have
  poor social skills. The opposite is often the
  case. Instead, antisocial personality disorder is
  characterized by a lack of conscience. People
  with this disorder are prone to criminal
  behavior, believing that their victims are weak
  and deserving of being taken advantage of.
  Antisocials tend to lie and steal. Often, they
  are careless with money and take action without
  thinking about consequences. They are often
  agressive and are much more concerned with their
  own needs than the needs of others.

88
Antisocial Personality Disorder

• Disregard for the feelings of others
• Impulsive and irresponsible decision-making
• Lack of remorse for harm done to others
• Lying, stealing, other criminal behaviors
• Disregard for the safety of self and others

89
Avoidant Personality Disorder

• Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by
  extreme social anxiety. People with this disorder
  often feel inadequate, avoid social situations,
  and seek out jobs with little contact with
  others. Avoidants are fearful of being rejected
  and worry about embarassing themselves in front
  of others. They exaggerate the potential
  difficulties of new situations to rationalize
  avoiding them. Often, they will create fantasy
  worlds to substitute for the real one. Unlike
  schizoid personality disorder, avoidants yearn
  for social relations yet feel they are unable to
  obtain them. They are frequently depressed and
  have low self-confidence

90
Avoidant Personality Disorder

• Social inhibition retreating from others in
  anticipation of rejection
• Preoccupation with being rejected or criticized
  in social situations
• Fear of embarrassment results in avoidance of new
  activities
• Poor self-image feelings of social ineptitude
• Desire for improved social relations
• Appear to others as self-involved and unfriendly
• Creation of elaborate fantasy lives

91
Narcissistic

• Narcissistic personality disorder is
  characterized by self-centeredness. Like
  histrionic disorder, people with this disorder
  seek attention and praise. They exaggerate their
  achievements, expecting others to recongize them
  as being superior. They tend to be choosy about
  picking friends, since they believe that not just
  anyone is worthy of being their friend.
  Narcissists tend to make good first impressions,
  yet have difficulty maintaining long-lasting
  relationships. They are generally uninterested in
  the feelings of others and may take advantage of
  them.

92
Narcissistic

• Requires excessive praise and admiration
• Takes advantage of others
• Grandiose sense of self-importance
• Lack of empathy
• Lying, to self and others
• Obsessed with fantasies of fame, power, or beauty

93
Dependent

• Difficulty making decisions
• Feelings of helplessness when alone
• Suicidal thoughts upon rejection
• Submissiveness
• Deeply hurt by mild criticism or disapproval
• Unable to meet ordinary demands of life

94
Dependent

• Dependent personality disorder is characterized
  by a need to be taken care of. People with this
  disorder tend to cling to people and fear losing
  them. They may become suicidal when a break-up is
  imminent. They tend to let others make important
  decisions for them and often jump from
  relationship to relationship. Dependents often
  remain in abusive relationships. Over-sensitivity
  to disapproval is common. Dependents often feel
  helpless and depressed.

95
Histrionic Personality Disorder

• People with histrionic personality disorder are
  constant attention seekers. They need to be the
  center of attention all the time, often
  interrupting others in order to dominate the
  conversation. They use grandiose language to
  discribe everyday events and seek constant
  praise. They may dress provacatively or
  exaggerate illnesses in order to gain attention.
  Histrionics also tend to exaggerate friendships
  and relationships, believing that everyone loves
  them. They are often manipulative.

96
Histrionic Personality Disorder

• Needs to be the center of attention
• Dresses or acts provocatively
• Rapidly-shifting and shallow emotions
• Exaggerates friendships
• Overly-dramatic, occasionally theatrical speech
• easily influenced highly suggestible

97
Borderline Personality Disorder

• Borderline personality disorder is characterized
  by mood instability and poor self-image. People
  with this disorder are prone to constant mood
  swings and bouts of anger. Often, they will take
  their anger out on themselves, causing injury to
  their own body. Suicidal threats and actions are
  not uncommon. Borderlines think in very black and
  white terms and often form intense,
  conflict-ridden relationships. They are quick to
  anger when their expectations are not met.

98
Borderline Personality Disorder

• Self-injury or attempted suicide
• Strong feelings of anger, anxiety, or depression
  that last for several hours
• Impulsive behavior
• Drug or alcohol abuse
• Feelings of low self-worth
• Unstable relationships with friends, family, and
  boyfriends/girlfriends

99
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

• While Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder
  (OCDP) sounds similar in name to
  obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder, the two
  are markedly different disorders. People with
  obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are
  overly focused on orderliness and perfection.
  Their need to do everything "right" often
  interferes with their productivity. They tend to
  get caught up in the details and miss the bigger
  picture. They set unreasonably high standards for
  themselves and others, and tend to be very
  critical of others when they do not live up to
  these high standards. They avoid working in
  teams, believing others to be too careless or
  incompetent. They avoid making decisions because
  they fear making mistakes and are rarely generous
  with their time or money. They often have
  difficulty expressing emotion.

100
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

• Need for perfection and excessive discipline
• Preoccupation with orderliness
• Inflexibility
• Lack of generosity
• Hyper-focus on details and rules
• Excessive devotion to work

101
Addictions

• The difference between substance abuse and
  addiction is very slight. Substance abuse means
  using an illegal substance or using a legal
  substance in the wrong way. Addiction begins as
  abuse, or using a substance like marijuana or
  cocaine. You can abuse a drug (or alcohol)
  without having an addiction. For example, just
  because Sara smoked weed a few times doesn't mean
  that she has an addiction, but it does mean that
  she's abusing a drug and that could lead to an
  addiction

102

• Addiction means a person has no control over
  whether he or she uses a drug or drinks. Someone
  who's addicted to cocaine has grown so used to
  the drug that he or she has to have it. Addiction
  can be physical, psychological, or both

103

• Physical addiction is when a person's body
  actually becomes dependent on a particular
  substance (even smoking is physically addictive).
  It also means building tolerance to that
  substance, so that a person needs a larger dose
  than ever before to get the same effects. Someone
  who is physically addicted and stops using a
  substance like drugs, alcohol, or cigarettes may
  experience withdrawal symptoms. Common symptoms
  of withdrawal are diarrhea, shaking, and
  generally feeling awful

104

• Psychological addiction happens when the cravings
  for a drug are psychological or emotional.
• People who are psychologically addicted feel
  overcome by the desire to have a drug. They may
  lie or steal to get it.

105

• Signs of Addiction
• The most obvious sign of an addiction is the need
  to have a particular drug or substance. However,
  many other signs can suggest a possible
  addiction, such as changes in mood or weight loss
  or gain. (These also are signs of other
  conditions, too, though, such as depression or
  eating disorders.)

106

• Psychological signals
• use of drugs or alcohol as a way to forget
  problems or to relax
• withdrawal or keeping secrets from family and
  friends
• loss of interest in activities that used to be
  important
• problems with schoolwork, such as slipping grades
  or absences
• changes in friendships, such as hanging out only
  with friends who use drugs
• spending a lot of time figuring out how to get
  drugs
• stealing or selling belongings to be able to
  afford drugs
• failed attempts to stop taking drugs or drinking
• anxiety, anger, or depression
• mood swings

107
Physical signals

• changes in sleeping habits
• feeling shaky or sick when trying to stop
• needing to take more of the substance to get the
  same effect
• changes in eating habits, including weight loss
  or gain

108
Other Addictions

• What are things that people can become addicted
  to?
• 1. 7.
• 2. 8.
• 3. 9.
• 4. 10.
• 5. 11.
• 6. 12.

109
Addictions treatment
110
Other disorders

• Gender Identity Disorder
• Sleep Disorders
• Impulsive- control Disorder-
• Kleptomania, Pyromania