Title: Chapter nine
1Chapter nine
29.1 introduction
- The history of style
- The definition of stylistics
- The features of stylistics in different periods
- 1960s
- 1970s
- 1980s
- 1990s
- Remarks of ??plural-heads developments
- Different schools of stylistics compete for
development and new schools emerge now and then.
39.2 some general features of the literary language
- Features of literary language are displayed in
the following three aspects - 1. phonology
- 2. grammar
- 3. semantics
- Literay language differs from non-literary
language in that the former is foregrounded in
the above three aspects.
4The term foregrounding
- Definition
- Deviation of language involves all levels of
language vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning,
graphology,etc. - Repetition is also a kind of deviation.
- Alliteration, parallism, and many figures of
speech are the examples of foregrounding in
literary language.
59.2.1 foregrounding and the grammatical form
- In literary texts, the grammatical system of the
language is often exploited, experimented with,
or in Mukaroskys words, made to deviate from
other, more everyday, forms of language, and as a
result creates interesting new patterns in form
and in meaning.
69.2.2 literal language and figurative language
- The definitions of the two
- Is non-literary language the same as literal
language? - Is literary language the same as figurative
language? - What the difference of the two groups of ideas?
- Literary language
- Non-literary language
- Literal language
- Figurative language
7Trope
- It is another word for the figurative use of
language, which refers to language used in a
figurative way for a rhetorical purpose.
8Some forms of trope
- Simile
- Metaphor
- Metonymy
- Synecdoche
9Why people use language in a figurative way?
- The figurative use of language has the effect of
making the concepts under discussion more
domestic and acceptable. Readers can
109.2.3 the analysis of literay language
- Procedures we should follow when we analyze the
grammatical structure and meaning of a literary
text. - 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
11The function of the figurative use of language
- It might be to make the abstract seem concrete
to make the mysterious or frightening seem safe,
ordinary and domestic, or to make the everyday
usage seem wonderful and unusual.
129.3 the language in poetry
139.3.1 sound patterning
- Rhyme is salient feature of poetry.
- End rhyme occurs at the end of a line in a poem,
the pattern is cVC. The last word of a line has
the same final sounds as the last word of another
line, sometimes immediately above or below,
sometimes one or more lines away. - End rhyme is very common in some poetic styles,
and particularly in childrens poetry. - It is also a feature in plays and songs.
149.3.2 different forms of sound patterning /
different rhymes
- Internal rhyme
- Alliteration the initial consonants are
identical in it (Cvc). - Assonance it describes syllables with a common
vowel (cVc). - Consonance it describes syllables with the same
consonants (cvC). It is also called half-rhyme. - Reverse rhyme syllables sharing the vowel and
initial consonant, CVc, rather than the vowel and
the final consonant as is the case in end rhyme,
Cvc. - Pararhyme two syllables having the same initial
and final consonants, but different vowels (CvC),
they pararhyme. - Repetition two exactly same syllables.
159.3.3 stress and metrical patterning
- Stressed syllable
- Unstressed syllable
- Which syllable is stressed is decided by two
elements - 1.
- 2.
- Rhyme the repetition of a sound or sound
combination. (?) - Rhythms (??)come out of the arrangment of
stressed and unstressed syllables. - When stress is organized to form regular rhythms,
the term used for it is meter. (??) - Units of meter are called feet. (??)
16The types of feet
- Iamb
- Trochee
- Anapest
- Dactyl
- Spondee
- Pyrrhic
17Lines with different numbers of feet
- Dimeter a line with two feet.
- Trimeter
- Tetrameter
- Pentameter
- Hexameter
- Heptameter
- Octameter
189.3.4 conventional forms of meter and sound
- Couplet
- Quatrains
- Blank verse
- Sonnet
- Free verse
- Limericks
- ? What is the difference of blank verse and free
verse?
19The poetic functions of sound and metre
- Why do poets use sound and metrical patterning in
their poetry? - 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
209.3.6 how to analyse poetry?
- Areas of discussion should be covered when we
analyse poetry? - 1.
- 2.
- -a
- -b
- -c
- -d
- -e
- -f
219.4 the language in fiction
- Three levels of discourse to account for the
language of fictional prose( i.e. a novel or
short story) - 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- At least there are six viewpoints to analyse the
discourse structure of a fictional prose.
22I-narrators/ the first person narration
- ??????????,?????????????????The Catcher in the
Rye, Wuthering Heights, Moby Dick. - Strong points of it
- Weak points of it
23Third-person narration
- ??????????,???????????,?????????????????Tom
Jones by Henry Fielding
24Schema-oriented language
25Given and new information
26deixis
279.4.2 speech and thought presentation
- (1) speech can be presented in five ways
- 1)
- 2)
- 3)
- 4)
- 5) free indirect speech
- examples
28Thought presentation
- (2) thought can be presented also in five ways.
- As the effects associated with NRT, NRTA or IT
are roughly the same as those associated with
speech presentation, attention will be focused on
the discussion of DT and FIT.
29Direct thought
- The usage of it
- The difference of direct thought and soliloquy.
30Free indirect thought
- The typical effect of it
- The marked difference of FIS and FIT
31stream of consciousness writing
- Limited point of view of the third-person
narration
32The features of stream of consciousness writing
- The most free version of DT
- Highly elliptical sentence structure
33Prose style
- Authorial style
- Text style
349.4.4 how to analyse the language of fiction
359.5 the language in drama
- A play exists in two ways---- on the page, and on
the stage. - The different features of the two types of play
369.5.1 how should we analyse drama?
- Drama as poetry
- Drama as fiction
- Drama as conversation
379.5.2 analyze the dramatic language
- 1. turn quantity and length
- 2. exchange sequence
- 3. production errors
- 4. the cooperative principle
- 5. status marked through language
- 6. register
- 7. speech silence
389.5.3 how to analyze dramatic texts?
399.6 the cognitive approach to literature
409.6.1 theoretical background
- Three cognitive tools
- Figure and ground
- Image schemata
- Cognitive metaphor
419.6.2 an example of cognitive analysis