US History Semester Review

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US History Semester Review
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Slavery and Western Expansion

• popular sovereignty - government subject to the
  will of the people before the Civil War, the
  idea that people living in a territory had the
  right to decide by voting whether slavery would
  be allowed there

• Sectionalism - an exaggerated devotion to the
  interests of a region (loyalty to a region
  instead of a country)

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Slavery

• Fugitive Slave Act Laws requiring the return of
  runaway slaves and punishment for anyone who
  helped them

• The law actually hurt the Southern cause by
  creating active hostility toward slavery among
  many Northerners.

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Amendments

• 13th Abolish slavery
• 14th Rights of citizenship regardless of race
• 15th Male right to vote regardless of race

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Civil War and Reconstruction

• Emancipation Proclamation issued by President
  Lincoln in 1863 to free the slaves only in
  Confederate States
• Jim Crow laws
• statutes or laws created to enforce segregation

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Settling the West
Manifest Destiny Belief that the US was destined
to spread across North America
assimilate to absorb a group into the culture of
a larger population
homestead act method of acquiring a piece of U.S.
public land by living on and cultivating it
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Causes of Industrialization

• Abundant natural resources
• Cheap immigrant labor force
• High tariffs reduce the import of foreign goods
• National transportation and communication
  networks

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Causes of the Growth of Big Business

• Little or no government intervention (see below)
• Development of pools, trusts, holding companies,
  and monopolies
• Practices of some big businesses sometimes
  limited competition

laissez-faire policy that government should
interfere as little as possible in the nations
economy
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Effects on the Workplace

• Rural migration and immigration created large,
  concentrated workforce
• Low wages, long hours, and dangerous working
  conditions were common in large-scale
  industries
• First large unions formed but had little
  bargaining power against larger companies

Assembly Line mass production of products
(introduced by Henry Ford)
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Social Darwinism - states that humans have
developed through competition and natural
selection with only the strongest surviving
Gospel of Wealth - Theory that it is the duty of
the wealthy to fund and create opportunities
(libraries, universities, museums) to improve the
lower classes
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Goals of the Progressive Movement

• Improve society.
• Protect consumers.
• Improve the work place.
• Stop political and corporate corruption.

muckraker a journalist who uncovers abuses and
corruption in a society
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Child Labor

• Many children under 14 work to provide income for
  families.
• The work is often dangerous and unhealthy

• Child labor laws are passed,
  regulating time and conditions for minors to
  work.

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Effects on Politics

• Seventeenth Amendment is ratified, requiring
  direct election of senators.
• Nineteenth Amendment is ratified, guaranteeing
  women the right to vote.

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socialism Theory that promotes ownership of
factories and farms by the people (collectively)
rather than capitalists or landowners
imperialism the actions used by one nation to
exercise political or economic control over a
smaller or weaker nation
Panama Canal Canal built the US to connect the
Atlantic and Pacific oceans to reduce the travel
time of cargo and military ships
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Foreign policy set of guidelines and practices
that a nation follows in its relations with other
nations
Monroe Doctrine Declaration by the US warning
Europe to not interfere with any countries in the
Western Hemisphere
Isolationism policy of opposition to political
or economic ties with other nations
Open Door policy a policy that allowed each
foreign nation in China to trade freely in the
other nations spheres of influence
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Causes of World War I
WORLD WAR I
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U.S. Involvement in WWI

• Causes
• Allied repayment of debt
• German U-Boats
• Zimmerman note Germany promises support for
  Mexico to recover lost territories if U.S. enters
  War
• Effects
• Selective Service Act (DRAFT) to raise an army

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Opportunities for African-Americans and Women in
WW1

• Great Migration.A-A move North for war work.
  1916 1919
• Women involved in war industries work.

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Civil Liberties in WWI

• 1. Espionage Act 1917 - forbade actions
  that obstructed recruitment or
  efforts to promote insubordination in the
  military.
• 2. Sedition Act 1918 - it was a crime to
  speak against the purchase of war bonds or
  anything disloyal against about the US
  Government, the US Constitution, or the US armed
  forces.

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Civil Liberties in WWI

• 3. Schenck v. US 1919 - RESULT
• If an act of speech posed a clear and
  present danger, then Congress had the power
  to restrain such speech.

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Treaty of Versailles

• Britain and France wanted harsh conditions to
  insure Germany would not be a threat again
• Conditions
• Germany accepts blame for the War
• Germany has to pay reparations (cost of war)
• Nine new nations created

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Weaknesses of the Treaty

• Humiliates Germany
• Ignores Russia
• Reassigns colonies not self-determination or
  freedom
• U.S. Senate rejects Treaty and League of Nations
• League of Nations is weak and ineffective

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The Prohibition Experiment1920-1933

• Causes
• Various religious groups thought alcohol was
  sinful
• Need to protect the publics health
• Alcohol leads to crime, domestic abuse, and job
  issues
• Nativism against foreign born brewers and
  immigrants that used alcohol

• Effects
• Widespread disregard for the law
• Increased smuggling and bootlegging
• Birth of organized crime

Prohibition Legislation 18th Amendment bans
alcohol 21st Amendment reinstates alcohol
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1920s
A Changing Society

• Cultural Changes
• Young people and women gain more independence.
• The working class enjoys more leisure time.
• New mass media in radio, movies, and sports
  develops.

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A Changing Society

• Changes for African Americans
• Harlem Renaissance begins.
• Great Migration during the war.
• NAACP battles segregation and discrimination.

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A Changing Society

• Opposition to Change
• Nativists and a new Ku Klux Klan target
  immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and African
  Americans.
• Government imposes new quotas on immigration.
• Fundamentalists push for traditional values.
• Prohibition is implemented.

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Impacts in Rural Areas

• Huge numbers of farm foreclosures (over 400,000
  between 1929-1932)
• Environment issues
• Overproduction destroys soil
• Extreme drought creates Dust Bowl
• Migrant families
• Farmers move West for work

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Dust Bowl

• Creates massive relocation of Plains farmers to
  West Coast
• Migrant farmers

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Franklin Delano Roosevelt

• Elected President 1932 (Democrat) landslide
  victory
• Promised A New Deal for the American People
• Three goals
• Relief for the needy
• Economic recovery
• Financial reform
• Used radio broadcasts to explain goals to the
  people Fireside chats

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First Hundred Days

• FDR rushed through legislation to help the
  American people
• 1st action close the banks, send in bank
  examiners and new
• RESTORE CONFIDENCE

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Financial Reform

• Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933 provide
  federal insurance for individual accounts (FDIC)
• Federal Securities Act requires companies to
• Provide complete factual financial information
  about the company
• Created rules for insider information

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Economic Reform

• Agricultural Adjustment Act raise prices by
  lowering production
• National Industrial Recovery Act promote fair
  business practices
• National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
  protects workers from unfair labor practices

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Relief for the Needy

• Jobs
• Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC) provided jobs
  for young men building roads, parks, and planting
  trees
• Works Progress Administration (WPA) created
  jobs for 8 million people in everything from
  construction to music

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More Relief for the Needy

• Federal Housing Administration government loans
  for home mortgages
• Social Security Act provides
• Retirement insurance supplemental insurance for
  retirees 65 or older
• Unemployment compensation
• Aid to families with children and the disabled

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Impacts of the New Deal

• Deficit spending spending more money on
  programs than the government receives in revenue
• Expanding governments role in the economy
• Protection of workers rights
• Banking and Finance Reform
• Social Security
• Environmental protection

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• Sample Test Questions
• from the Final Exam

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• A house divided against itself cannot standI do
  not expect the Union to be dissolved I do not
  expect the
• house to fall but I do expect it will cease
  to be divided. It will become all one thing or
  all the other
• Abraham Lincoln, 1858
• 1. The divided house referred to in this speech
  was caused primarily by
• A. expansionism
• B. war with Mexico
• C. slavery
• D. the suffrage movement

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2. The data shown in the graphs best support the
conclusion that the North A.
was better prepared economically to fight the
Civil War. B. lagged behind the South in bank
deposits. C. produced
more agricultural products than the South.
D. lacked several
important resources to fight the war.
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• (Buffalo hunter) have done more in the last two
  years, and will do more the next year, to settle
  theIndian question than the entire regular army
  has done in the last thirty yearsFor the sake of
  peace let them kill, skin, and sell until the
  buffalo are destroyed.
• -General Philip Sheridan
• 3. What was the result of the process described
  in this quotation?
• 1. Native American Indians were granted farmland
  under the Homestead Act
• 2. The disappearance of their economic base
  helped drive Native American Indians onto
  reservations.
• 3. Many Native Americans moved to Eastern cities
  to work in factories.
• 4. Most Native Americans migrated to Canada to
  find new ways to earn a living.

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4. What is the best title for this series of
maps? A. Industrialization of the United
States. B. Sectional Conflicts in the United
States. C. Transportation Revolution in the
United States. D. Moving Frontier of the United
States.
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• 5. In the late 19th century, the major argument
  used by labor union leaders against immigrants
  was that immigrants
• A. took jobs from United States citizens.
• B. contributed little to enrich American life.
• C. placed financial drains on social services.
• D. refused to assimilate into American culture

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• 6. Supporters of literacy tests to restrict
  immigration would most likely favor the views of
  Speakers
• 1. A and C
• 2. B and C
• 3. B and D
• 4. A and B

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• 7. The immigrants referred to by Speaker D were
  mainly from
• 1. Canada and Mexico
• 2. South America
• 3. Western Europe
• 4. Southern and Eastern Europe

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• 8. The growth of big business in the late 1800s
  resulted in
• A. a reduction in child labor.
• B. the elimination of the lower class.
• C. the widening of the economic gap between
  rich and poor.
• D. a shift in transportation investment from
  railroads to canals.

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• 9. During WWI, what was the safest way to deliver
  men and materials to Europe?
• A. Men and materials were only delivered
• into Europe at night
• B. Men and materials were delivered into Europe
  by
• merchant ships that traveled in a
  convoy system
• across the ocean.
• C. Men and materials were delivered into Europe
• by plane.
• D. Men and materials were delivered into Europe
  daily by
• a big destroyer boat.

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• Public Ignores Prohibition Restrictions
• Evolution and Creation Debated in Scopes Trial
• Women Bring Change to the Industrial Workforce
• 10. What do headlines such as these from the
  1920s illustrate?
• A. Conflict between traditional and modern
  values
• B. Trend toward mass consumption of consumer
  goods
• C. Hostility of certain groups toward ethnic
  minorities
• D. Debate over the role of government in the
  economy

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11. Which conclusion is best supported by the
information on the graph? A. The level of
automobile production remained constant. B. The
average American family found the automobile too
expensive to purchase. C. By 1929 most
of the automobiles in the world were produced in
the United States. D. Changes in
economic conditions led to changes in automobile
production.
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12. Which factor contributed most to the
situation shown in the cartoon? A. low tariff
rates B. shortages of consumer goods C.
nonregulation of banks D. creation of a
national bank
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13. Which region of the United States suffered
most directly from the Dust Bowl? A.
Southwest B. Pacific Northwest C. Rocky
Mountains D. Great Plains
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• 14. The photograph above shows a breadline in New
  York City during the Great Depression. Such
  breadlines were common during this period because
• A. many people had little money to buy food
• B. dust bowls in the West caused a shortage of
  wheat
• C. most food went to feed soldiers fighting in
  the Second World War
• D. most farmers left their farms for jobs in the
  cities