Tuesday

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Tuesday

• Return Work
• Quiz
• Homework
• Extra Credit

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Napoleon's Conquest of Europe
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Napoleon
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Napoleon

• Born in Corsica 1769
• Mastered military tactics at military schools
• Joined army of new govt. during revolution
• Oct. 1795- helped protect National Convention
  (became hero)

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Military Successes

• 1796-1797 Directory appoints him to command army
• Beat Austria, Kingdom of Sardinia
• Fights in N. Italy- makes alliances
• Becomes most popular general in Europe

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November 1799 Directory overthrown by Consulate

• Coup d etat
• Directory initially holds on
• 500 troops in legislature
• Vote to end Directory
• Napoleon head of Consulate (3)
• Dictatorial power seized

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Napoleon
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Support for Consulate

• Keep previous reform
• Solve current problems
• Peasants, workers, merchants- promise of trade
  expansion, lower food prices, peasants keep land
  gained in Revolution

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Support for Consulate

• Nobles- pardons were offered to those who fled
• Bourgeoisie- given govt. and army positions,
  promise of order, stable economy, trade

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Second Coalition

• 1797 1st Coalition ends after campaign in Italy
• 1799 2nd Coalition formed
• GB, Austria, Russia
• Napoleon successful in N. Italy
• Austria Russia make peace
• 1802 Peace of Amiens (GB)
• 1st time in 10 yrs- peace in Europe

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Napoleon becomes Emperor

• At 1st act like an elected leader
• 1800 Plebiscite- vote approves constitution
  giving Napoleon all real power as 1st consul
• 1802- 2nd Plebiscite made him consul for life

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1804 Napoleon takes title of Emperor

• Title symbolizes control over France
• Crowned himself (not Pope)
• Social reforms of Revolution remain
• Individual freedoms currently gained were ignored

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Napoleon Crowns Himself
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Napoleon Restores Order

• Kept many changes from Revolution
• Secret police maintain power
• Opposition crushed
• Jacobins crushed after loyalists target him
• German Bourbon (next in line) killed

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Napoleon Restores Order

• Economic order
• Inflation slowed, balanced budget, national bank
• Social order- had much support
• Religious order- religion is political

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Concordat of 1801

• Agreement made with Pope Pius VII
• Balanced rights of Church and State
• State bishops, Church confirm
• Bishops appoint priests
• Religious freedom
• Catholics had favored postition

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Napoleonic Code 1801

• All men treated as equals
• 3 Estates abolished
• Women lost any rights gained
• NO feudalism and class privilege
• Freedom of religion and property
• Workers inferior to employer
• No unions
• Govt. support of education

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Napoleonic Code

• Limited liberty
• Newspapers censored
• Slavery restored in colonies
• Easy for men to divorce
• No primogeniture

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Napoleonic Code

• Napoleon announced he was above the law
• Things dont work unless you break the law
  everyday
• Tie to Machiavelli

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Napoleonic Wars

• Napoleon wants to modernize become master of
  Europe (Italy, Switz.)
• Peace treaties are made with Russia, Austria,
  England
• 1803 War breaks out with England
• France threatens her trade and sea power
• 1805-1807 France defeats Austria, Sweden, Prussia
  (who were in alliance against France w/ Russia)

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1805-1807 Victories

• Oct. 1805 Battle of Ulm
• Vienna, Austria taken
• Dec. 1805 Battle of Austerlitz
• Austrian emperor makes peace
• Oct. 1806 Battle of Jena
• Berlin taken from Prussia

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1805-1807 Victories

• June 1806- Battle of Friedland
• Prussias Poland
• Peace of Tilsit- Alexander I and Napoleon agree
  to divide Europe
• Oct. 1805- Battle of Trafalgar
• Only loss to 3rd Coalition
• Nelson (GB) defeats French fleet
• France decides not to invade GB

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Napoleon dominates Europe

• France greatest empire since Rome
• Conquered land
• Annexed by France
• Remained independent in name only
• Attached by alliance (Prussia, Russia, Austria)
• Large but unstable empire

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Results of Napoleonic Wars

• Napoleon brings Revolutions reforms to Europe
• Taxes conquered lands
• Soldiers taken from conquered lands

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Napoleons Downfall

• Love of power downfall
• 3 misjudgments
• Cut off trade to England
• Make brother king of Spain
• Invasion of Russia

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Continental System

• 1806 No French controlled land could trade w/
  England
• Aimed at England who was keeping ships from
  France
• Plan defeat England by striking at trade
  (industry)
• France and lands under her would stop importing
  British goods

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Continental System

• Problem England just traded with Spanish
  colonies, smuggled, and blocked (large navy)
  ports of France and her allies
• Result Middle class merchants turn against
  Napoleon
• French economy weakened

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Spain

• 1808 King of Spain forced to abdicate
• Napoleon makes brother Joseph king

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Peninsular War

• Portugal defeated
• Response- Spain and Portugal get help of British
  (guerilla)
• England invades France
• Spain regains her land after 5 years of war
  (1808-1813)
• Significance- French troops held up(300,000 dead-
  France weakened, patriotism against Napoleon is
  inspired

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Invasion of Russia

• Russian was once allied with France
• Why?
• France afraid Russia would make alliance with
  England
• Russia selling grain to England
• June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with 614,000
  men GRAND ARMY
• Many not French (no loyalty)

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Invasion of Russia

• Russians retreat burning land and farms, France
  follows
• Sept. 14- Moscow abandoned when French arrive
• 100,000 French alive (NO FOOD)
• Stay 5 weeks waiting for surrender (leave in
  Dec.)
• Worst military in history (40,000 return)

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Arrival in Moscow
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Retreat from Russia
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Retreat from Russia
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Retreat from Moscow
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Battle of the Nation

• Oct. 1813- Leipzig, Germany
• Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia, Sweden defeat
  Napoleon
• Grand Alliance
• Paris captured in March 1814
• Army cut to pieces
• Generals do not want to fight, Napoleon does

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The End (1)

• April 1814- Napoleon abdicates
• exiled to island of Elba (Italian coast)
• Quadruple Alliance- formed to prevent attacks by
  France

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Crossing the Rhine
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Napoleon Abdicates
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The 100 Days

• March 1, 1815 Napoleon returns from exile
• support from King Louis XVIIIs soldiers
• Becomes Emperor again
• Grand Alliance gathers

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The 100 Days

• June 18, 1815 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo
  (Belguim)
• European alliance led by Duke of Wellington
• End of 100 Days
• Napoleons last bid for power

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Louis XVIII
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Duke of Wellington
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The End (Again)

• Napoleon sent to St. Helena
• Remote island in South Atlantic

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Significance of Napoleon

• French Revolutions reforms and ideas were spread
• Nationalism grew
• Led to development of independent nations