Organic Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon
compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon
compounds that crawl. 
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• Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other
  atoms and determine structure/function of living
  things
• Inorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and
  hydrogen together (salt)

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Organic compound features

• 1. made from a carbon skeleton which can vary in
  length
• 2. can be branched or unbranched
• 3. can have double bonds which vary in location
• 4. or may be arranged in rings.

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Some organic molecules
Methanol (methyl alcohol) Wood spirits, wood alcohol Toxic - causes blindness, death, paralysis
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) Spirits, drinking alcohol Produced by fermentation of sugars
Isopropyl alcohol Rubbing alcohol is oxidized by the liver into acetone.
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Attached to the carbon skeleton is a FUNCTIONAL
GROUP - which is the area that participates in
chemical reactions
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alcohols
acids
bases
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Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its
chemical formula is HCO2H. It is an important
intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs
naturally, most notably in ant venom. Its name
comes from the Latin word for ant, formica,
referring to its early isolation by the
distillation of ant bodies. A major use of
formic acid is as a preservative and
antibacterial agent in livestock feed.
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What do you need to know? 1. Distinguish
between organic and inorganic molecules. 2. Know
the 4 main groups of organic compounds. 3.
Identify organic compounds based on their
functional group.
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MACROMOLECULES important to life 1.
Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic
Acids
What about the carbon molecule makes it an ideal
molecule for life forms?
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1. CARBOHYDRATES -monosaccharides - simple ring
sugars, glucose and fructose -disaccharides -
two monosaccharides combined, sucrose and
lactose -polysaccharides - polymers (long chains
of repeating units) of monosaccharides
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Polysaccharides store energy starch (plants)
  glycogen (animals)
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• Polysaccharides are also structural molecules
• cellulose - makes up cell walls (plants)
• chitin - makes up exoskeletons

             
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Pentoses - 5 carbon sugars, arranged in a ring
DNA!
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What you need to know about carbohydrates 1.
Distinguish between monosaccharides,
disaccharides and polysaccharides. (Give
examples of each) 2. Understand how
carbohydrates are used in plants and animals as
energy storage molecules. 3. Understand how
carbohydrates are used in plants and animals as
structural molecules. 4. Identify biological
molecules that contain pentoses 5. Discuss why
carbon readily forms bonds to make long chains.
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2. Lipids  Hydrophobic (insoluble in water)
Used for insulation and long term energy storage
(fat)  Fats Oils are made of subunits
glycerol and fatty acids  Waxes mainly used
for covering and protection
Watch what happens when a soap hits the
hydrophobic milk.
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Phospholipids -  Important structural component
of the cell membrane 
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• Steroids - cholesterol sex hormones (estrogen
  testosterone) made of 4 fused rings

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• Cholesterol- a lipid molecule and is
  biosynthesized by all animal cells because it is
  an essential structural component of animal cell
  membranes- maintains both membrane structural
  integrity and fluidity.
• Cholesterol enables animal cells to (a) not need
  a cell wall and thus be able to (b) change shape
  and (c) move about (unlike bacteria and plant
  cells which are restricted by their cell walls).

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Saturated fats contain no double bonds, solid at
room temperature   Unsaturated have double bonds
that kink the molecule,  liquid at room
temperature
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What you need to know about lipids 1. Compare
saturated to unsaturated fats. 2. List the
functions of lipids 3. Identify a steroid from
a picture (4 rings) 4. Idenfity the main
component of the cell membrane.
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3.  Proteins Polymers made of amino acids, which
are joined by peptide bonds  - proteins are also
called polypeptides Amino acids form a wide
variety of structures, mainly building blocks for
living tissue Also used for Support  
Enzymes Transport Defense Hormones Motion
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Proteins can be denatured, heat causes it to lose
its shape, and its functionality There are 20
known amino acids
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Proteins have four shapes Primary
Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
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Nucleic Acids Informational polymers made of
individual nucleotides DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)    Each
nucleotide consists of 1.  A sugar (deoxyribose
or ribose)2.  A phosphate3.  A nitrogen
base            - adenine            -
thymine            - guanine            -
cytosine            - uracil (in RNA)
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy
molecule, bonds broken to release energy
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MATCHING a.  carbohydrate     b.  lipidsc. 
protein               d.  nucleic acids 1. 
contains adenine and thymine2.  lactose3. 
chains of amino acids4.  long term energy
storage5.  cholesterol6.  chains of fatty acids
and glycerol7.  plant cell walls