Chemistry Review

1
Chemistry Review

• Unit
• Honors Biology ch 6
• AP Biology Chapters 2-5
• Anatomy Chapter 2

2
Round 1 - Inorganic

• Matter is made up of small particles called
  _____________, these particles are made of 3
  smaller particles called __________, _________,
  and ______.
• Answer atom, protons, neutrons, and electrons

3
Inorganic

• The center of an atom is called the _________ and
  it has a _________ charge because of the two
  types of particles found inside, protons with a
  ____________ charge, and neutrons with a
  _____________ charge.
• Answer nucleus, positive, positive, neutral

4
Inorganic

• When looking at the periodic table, Carbon is
  found with two numbers, 6 which is Carbons
  _____________ number and tells us the of
  __________ Carbon has, and the number 12.01 which
  is the elements __________ number and tells us
  the number of ________ ________.
• Answer atomic , protons, mass , protons
  neutrons in the nucleus

5
Inorganic

• Carbon exist in nature as C-12, C-13, and C-14.
  These are ___________ of each other. They are the
  same element with a different of _______ which
  gives them a different mass .
• Answer isotopes, neutrons

6
Inorganic

• The number of electrons in the outer energy level
  or sublevel of an atom is its _________. This
  number helps you predict how it will behave when
  it bonds. O is in group 6 on the periodic table.
  If it bonds to Mg in group 2 what type of bond
  will they form and why?
• Answer Valence, ionic, O is non-metal and Mg is
  a metal and will give O the 2e- it needs

7
Inorganic

• When two non-metals for m a bond they tend to
  ___________ their electrons and form a
  ____________ bond. Example CO2
• Answer Share, Covalent

8
Inorganic

• Water has a special type of covalent bond, it is
  ____________ which means what?
• Answer Polar, shares e- unevenly resulting in a
  H end and O end.

9
Inorganic

• There are two other types of bonds that have to
  do with attraction between charges. They are
  weaker but no less important to biological
  molecules. What are they?
• Answer Hydrogen Bonds, and Van der Waals
  Interactions

10
Round 2 Water and pH

• Water can form a maximum of 4 Hydrogen bonds at
  one time. This is a result of it being polar.
  What special property allows water to link to
  itself.
• Answer Cohesion

11
Water and pH

• What is the process in which water molecules move
  up through the vascular tissue of plants due to
  evaporation.
• Answer Transpiration

12
Water and pH

• Water has a high specific heat. What does this
  mean to living things?
• Answer It can absorb a lot of energy without
  increasing in temp. and when it releases the
  energy it can cool the skin/body/surface so it
  is essential in regulating body temp.

13
Water and pH

• Acids have an excess of ______ ions and a pH of
  ___________ on the scale of 0-14. Bases have an
  excess of ________ ions and a pH of _________ on
  the scale of 1-14.
• Answer H and below 7, OH- and above 7

14
Water and pH

• In a common neutralizing reaction between a base
  and an acid, what are the products you would
  expect to see?
• ex. MgCO3 HCL -gt MgCl H2O CO2
• Answer salt, water, and a gas
• FYI in living things natural buffers exist to
  minimize any change in pH. This assists in
  homeostasis

15
Round 3 Carbon

• Name at least 3 reasons Carbon can form diverse
  molecules?
• Answer 1) valence of 4 2) can form 4 covalent
  bonds 3) can form single, double, triple bonds 4)
  it can form very large complex molecules 5) in
  can form chains, rings, or branched chains

16
Carbon

• Molecules with the same chemical formula but
  different structures/ arrangements are called
  _____________.
• Answer Isomers

17
Carbon

• In Organic Chemistry, there are 7 functional
  groups that can be attached to the Carbon
  skeleton. Name at least 4.
• Answer Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino,
  Phosphate, Sulfhydryl, and Methyl

18
Carbon (not for HBio)

• Which of these functional groups will produce
  either a keytone or aldehyde
• Answer Carbonyl CO

19
Carbon (not for HBio)

• Look at the molecule below, identify the
  functional groups and how many of each you see.

20
Carbon

• Answer 2 amino, 1 carbonyl, 1 hydroxyl, 2 methyl

21
Final Round Organic Molecules

• By what process are the monomers of Organic
  Macromolecules assembles? What is the process in
  which they are disassembled?
• Answer Dehydration Synthesis, Hydrolysis

22
Organic

• Monosaccharides are the monomers of
  Carbohydrates, name 3 discussed in class and what
  is their chemical formula.
• Answer glucose, fructose, galactose C6H12O6

23
Organic

• Glucose and Fructose are monosaccharides that can
  be linked together by dehydration synthesis. When
  this occurs, what is the name of the new
  disaccharide formed? What is the chemical
  formula? What was removed in order to make the
  link? Bonus what is the name of the link?
• Answer Sucrose, C12H22O11, Water, glycosidic
  linkage

24
Organic

• Polysaccharides are large and sometimes complex
  carbohydrates. What are 2 polysaccharides used to
  store energy and 2 designed for structure and
  support.
• Answer Energy-Starch and Glycogen, Structure-
  Cellulose and Chitin

25
Organic

• What are the monomers in a Lipid?
• Answer glycerol and fatty acids

26
Organic

• Lipids function as fats, oils, waxes, steroids,
  and phospholipids. They are nonpolar or _________
  which means they do not dissolve in water. What
  part of the Lipid makes them nonpolar?
• Answer Hydrophobic, Fatty Acids

27
Organic

• Lipids provide living things with ___ times as
  much energy as Carbohydrates. These lipids can be
  __________ with hydrogen making them clump
  together and solid at room temp. or __________
  which allows them to remain a liquid.
• Answer 2xs, saturated, unsaturated

28
Organic

• Lipids are stored in the ________ tissue
  surrounding the organs and insulating the body.
  Special lipids called ___________ are the main
  component of cell membranes, and help control the
  ins and outs of the cell.
• Answer adipose, phospholipids

29
Organic

• Steroids are functional lipids. ___________ is a
  steroid synthesized mainly in the liver, and a
  precursor to the human sex hormones.
• Answer cholesterol

30
Organic

• Proteins are made of monomers/subunits called
  _____________. There are ________ of them total,
  each has a unique ______ group, and two other
  functional groups, _________ and ______ which
  give them their name.
• Answer amino acids, 20, amino and carboxylic acid

31
Organic

• Amino acids are linked together using
  _____________. This process helps form the
  ________ bonds between the amino acids. This is
  where proteins get their second name
  ____________.
• Answer dehydration synth., peptide, polypeptide

32
Organic

• How many levels of structure do proteins have?
• Answer 4
• At which level do we see the alpha helix and beta
  pleated sheet?
• Answer 2nd or secondary
• At which level do we see the globular structure
  resulting from a combination of special bonds?
• Answer 3rd or tertiary

33
Organic

• Name as many functions of proteins as you can,
  max 8.
• Answer structure, storage, contraction, defense,
  transport, enzymes, signals, and receptors

34
Organic

• A mutation in the DNA can create a base
  substitution in the primary amino acid sequence.
  Why is this a problem for a protein?
• Answer Shape dictates function and if you mess
  with the protein structure at any level you lose
  function ie. Sickle Cell Anemia and the inability
  to carry Oxygen efficiently

35
Organic

• How can a protein be denatured? Is it permanent?
• Answer change temperature, pH, or salinity, not
  always in some cases this is how enzymes are
  controlled (turned on and off)

36
Organic almost done!

• The monomers of Nucleic Acids are _____. Each one
  is composed of a ______, _______, and a
  _________ base.
• Answer nucleotides, sugar, phosphate, nitrogen

37
Organic

• DNA, has 2 strands and is found in the nucleus of
  a eukaryotic cell. What is the sugar and the 4
  nitrogen bases found within the molecule?
• Answer Deoxyribose, Adenine, thymine, guanine,
  cytocine

38
Organic

• What is the sugar and nitrogen bases in RNA?
• Answer Ribose, A, G, C, and Uracil

39
Organic

• What are the base pairs in DNA? This happens in a
  particular pattern in order to keep the two
  strands equal distances apart. What is this
  pattern?
• Answer A-T and G- C, purines (double ring
  structure) always pairs with a pyrimidine (single
  ring structure) they form a Hydrogen bond

40
Lightning Round

• Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid?
• Contains C, H, O in a set ratio
• Contains NH2 functional groups
• Example cholesterol
• Functions as long term energy storage
• Energy source or food for cells
• Carries the genetic code
• Made of glycerol and fatty acids
• Has up to 4 levels of structure and can be
  denatured
• Example glycogen and cellulose
• Example Hemoglobin, pepsin, and lactase