The muscular system

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The muscular system
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Aims of the session

• To recap on the skeletal system.
• To understand the structure and function of
  synovial joints.
• To understand the anatomy of a joint.
• To introduce the muscular system listing all
  major muscle groups.
• To know what muscles fibres are and how they
  contract helping the body to move.

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Recap on the skeletal system

• List the functions of the skeletal system.
• What is the anatomical name for the thigh bone?
• What are the four types of bones in our bodies?
• What type of bone is the cranium?

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The anatomy of a synovial joint

• Synovial joints are simply joints in our bodies
  that help us to move. They are called synovial
  joints because they have a pocket of synovial
  fluid between them that helps lubrication during
  motion.
• There are six synovial joints, can you name them?
  

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Synovial joints in the body

• Gliding
• Hinge
• Condyloid
• Saddle
• Ball and socket
• Pivot

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Gliding Joint

• Two flat surfaces slide against one another
• allows only limited side to side, back and
  forward movements
• Carpal to carpal

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Hinge Joint

• Allows only flexion and extension
• humerus to ulna
• phalange to phalange
• femur to tibia
• lower leg to talus

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Condyloid Joint

• Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
  and limited circumduction
• forearm to carpals
• femur to tibia

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Saddle Joint

• Only found at base of thumb joint Allows flexion,
  extension, abduction and adduction
• metacarpal and trapezium

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Ball And Socket Joint

• Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
  and circumduction
• scapula to humerus
• hip to femur

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Pivot Joint

• Allows rotation only
• Radius to ulna

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Task one

• On your paper draw movement of each synovial
  joints.
• Example!

ABDUCTION
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The basic anatomy of a joint

• A joint is when two bones meet.
• The two bones (joint) is made stable by
  ligaments that attach to both of the bones.
• Cartilage is formed at the end of the bones to
  reduce friction (bones rubbing together) and
  causing injury.
• Synovial fluid is sandwiched between the bones to
  help lubrication when the bones are rubbing
  together.

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Diagram of a joint (anterior)
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Diagram of a joint (anterio posterior)
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Warm-up questions joints

• What are the six synovial joints in the body?
• What movement occurs are a ball and socket joint?
• What protects the bones from rubbing together?
• What joint allows rotation movement only.

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Introduction to the muscular system

• Muscle can only pull, they cannot push.
• Muscles attach to the bone through tendons.
• Muscles are constructed of fibres, there are two
  types o fibres (slow twitch and fast twitch).
• Sprinters are said to have more fast twitch
  fibres, and long distances runners are to have
  more slow twitch fibres.

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Diagram showing the major muscle groups
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Classifications of muscles

• There are three types of muscle you need to know.
• Cardiac muscle
• Skeletal muscle
• Smooth muscle

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Cardiac muscle

• Found only in the heart.
• Not under our control
• The muscle cells look like one big line

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Smooth muscle

• The muscle cells are spindle shaped.
• Located around the major organs.
• Muscle is not under our control.

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Skeletal muscle

• Muscle is attached to the bone via tendons.
• The muscle cell is spindle formed and consists of
  fibres the overlap.
• When electricity is induced to the muscle fibres
  they become shorter.
• The muscles cells are voluntary, (under our
  control).

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Using muscles

• Muscle fatigue
• When your using your muscles a lot and they dont
  get enough oxygen, they become tired or FATIGUED.
• Muscle atrophy
• If you dont use your muscles enough they become
  smaller and wasted, this is called MUSCLE
  ATROPHY.
• Cramp
• A sudden contraction of a muscles that wont
  relax, caused by a lack of blood supply to the
  muscle.

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The sliding filament theory

• The sliding filament theory is very complex, but
  can be simplified by thinking of the muscles like
  a giant comb, the teeth of the come are the
  muscle fibres and when the muscle contracts these
  fibres overlap pulling the tendons together
  making the muscle shorter.

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Antagonistic - agonist

• Muscles can only pull, because of this they must
  work in pairs.
• When one muscle contracts to move the skeletal
  system this is called agonist.
• The muscle that relaxes is called the antagonist.

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The purpose of tendons

• Tendons are formed at the end of the muscles and
  attach the muscle to the bone allowing the body
  to move.

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The purpose of ligaments

• Ligaments are designed to support joints by
  attaching to both bones making the joint secure
  during twisting and stretching movements during
  sport.

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Types of muscle contraction

• Isometric contraction
• Muscle stays the length, its like trying to move
  an immoveable object.
• Isotonic contraction
• When the muscles move and (become shorter and
  longer) just like weight lifting.

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Warm-up questions

• Can muscles pull?
• How are muscles attached to the skeletal system?
• What are the three kinds of muscle?
• What are the pair of muscle groups in the upper
  leg called?
• What is the theory called that allows muscular
  contraction?

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Extended reading

• www.bbc/bitesizelearning/pe.com
• GCSE Physical education complete revision and
  practice.