Mars or The Moon? Where to go next?

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Mars or The Moon?Where to go next?

• Proposed Mission Introduction

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The Moon
Earth Visionary Expedition
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• Introduction Contents

• Mission Objectives.
• Budget.

• Why the Moon?

• Planning Stages
• Stage 1
• Stage 2
• Stage 3
• Stage 4

• A return journey to the moon with the intention
  of a permanent human presence (base) was chosen
  as the best feasible plan over a journey to Mars

• The Mission objectives will be concretely set to
  ensure a success/fail attitude which will set the
  standard and be the goal despite challenges.
  Budget will be discussed.

• The decision to choose the Moon over Mars will be
  explained.

• Planning stages for the mission will be detailed
  in separation and linked for overall effect.

• The Moon Exploration Lab (MEL) will be Detailed
  as well as the proposed base construction.

• Advantages of such a lunar base will be Explored.

• The position decision and factors influencing
  this decision will be shown.

• Challenges will be acknowledged. With possible
  solutions at this moment in time suggested.

• Moon Base 1
• MEL

• Advantages of a Moon Base.

• Location.

• Challenges.
• Suggested Solutions.

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Mission objectives and Budget

• Mission Objective

• Budget

• The mission objective is to build a sustainable
  multi-national research centre on the Moon which
  can exist independently of aid from Earth. As
  well as to conduct research on Human Exploration
  and to potentially expand this base for future
  projects.

• A public based project part financed by the
  private sector is the best option. (will be
  revisited). All nations of the world will be
  invited to participate however the major space
  agencies will take leadership roles. The Moon
  base and Moon itself will not belong to any
  Nation in part or in full.

Public enterprise supported by Private sector,
not the other way around.
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Success Criteria

• To build a Moon Base which can exist
  independently from aid of the Earth. (Human
  Presence Excluded).
• For it to be able to house Humans in groups of at
  least 10 for at least 6 months at a time without
  going over a pre-determined risk in any category.

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Why the Moon?

• A stepping stone for future Planets and beyond.
• Not fully studied or understood, which could
  provide valuable clues for the origin of life on
  the Earth.
• Close proximity to the Earth, enabling better
  communication and easier travel.
• A cosmologically close test on long term Human
  space settlement.
• Possible mining to solve Earths energy crisis.

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Moon Advantages over Mars.
Moon
Serves as a research base for Space Exploration
to Mars and beyond. Will most likely evolve into
a low cost launching pad in all directions from
Earth due to its negligible atmosphere. Will
always be on The agenda to have a low cost
launcher pad is worth the short term investment
for long term gain.
Space tourism generates extra revenue due to
the exotic and short flights. A space station
would not have atmospheric drag if positioned
above and Energy collected can be beamed down
back to the Earth with future technologies.
Psychological advantage, Earth is always visible
from the Moon and Vice Versa which is a benefit
to those settled as well as loved ones back
home. Also inspirational for other Humans to
look up and wonder if another Human is looking
down.
Weve done it before! The next frontier is a
permanent base. Its time to stop coming home
late and move out. We can do this now for a
very exiting period rather than talking about
stuff for years in the future or millions of
years in the future the technology is here now.
Earth quick rescue is still a possiblity for any
failures or accidents on the Moon.
Teleoperation from Earth still an option to the
Moon. Saves time on mission updates and costs as
well as ensuring a better mental health of the
settlers with only 6 seconds delay.
A mission to Mars however would be too long under
current circumstances unless major inprovements
are made to propulsion drive as most tourists
would not want to leave their loved ones for so
long. A space station would again degrade in
atmospheric orbit and a new one would be too
costly. Unfeasible for any energy collected due
to atmosphere distorting Solar power and distance
between Earth and Mars.
No real data has been properly collected on the
Consequences of sending humans for so long to A
body so far away. Psychological impacts on
the Crew being away from every human being that
Has ever existed without real time
communication In a dangerous environment has yet
ton even release Preliminary results yet for a
basic mission (Mars-500)
Mars
Would be a complete leap from nothing right into
boiling water rather than an ease Into the
expansion of mankind's frontier. One that could
be costly if there's an accident! For no other
reason than to create a small spark with no long
term continuous results.
Does not benefit future Human Space travel based
on its position or Composition that the Moon
cannot do. Only it requires more energy to
launch from to explore the long term Human
Exploration project. Will actually stunt the
Human Expansion.
Such a rescue mission to Mars is out of the
question. If something went wrong a Earth rescue
mission Would be years away.
Time delay on messages to Mars is 30
minutes Making real time conversation impossible
and Meetings between the settlers and the Earth
Mission control impractical.
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Getting to the moon

• The Ariane 5 HSV CDF Rocket

The main stage consists of a large tank 30.5
metres high with two compartments, one for 130
tonnes of liquid oxygen and one for 25 tonnes of
liquid, and a Vulcain engine at the base with
thrust of 115 tonnes force.
Attached to the sides are two solid rocket
boosters, each weighing about 277 tonnes full.
Each delivers a thrust of about 630 tonnes-force
.
The second stage is on top of the main stage and
below the payload.
Ariane 5 ECA is capable of the largest payloads
with 27 tonnes in LEO and around 7.3 tonnes to
the Moon.
http//www.esa.int/esaMI/CDF/SEMBIN7X9DE_0.html
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Planning Stages
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Stage 1 Machine Deployment (Research and
Development)
Machine deployment should be undertaken in the
next 4 years in order to ensure the maximum
amount of information is gathered before
launch. NASA (Already) ESA (Already) Russia
(Already) China (2013 - Change-3) India (2014 -
Chandrayaan-2) JAXA (Planned)
Lunar Dust Problem. More detailed research of
the area than satellites. At least 2 automated
rovers. One to conduct measurements of the base
area and another to begin exploring and
processing the drop zone travel and locations.
These machines could undertake surveys of the
surface and below around the Base location. They
have also been shown to be able to begin the
construction process and transfer materials from
the Drop Zones.
Research and development to increase our
knowledge of the surface and environment of the
Moon around the proposed base location.
Astrobotic Inc
Machine Development gt Crash Satellite gt Lunar
Dust Settle gt Machine Deployment
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http//www.googlelunarxprize.org/lunar/teams/astro
botic/blog/nasa-awards-moon-mining-contract-to-ast
robotic
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Stage 2 Unmanned Supply Craft.

• Once lunar base and drop off zones established
  the process of sending unmanned supply craft can
  begin.
• To ensure lunar dust is allowed to settle a
  rotation of several drop off zones will occur.
• Unmanned supply craft greatly reduces the cost.
• Although a manned mission to the Moon has only be
  achieved by one space agency unmanned craft have
  been successfully landed on the moon multiple
  times by a few. The process is largely known and
  predictable.
• Lack of atmosphere and small cosmological
  distance means more missions and better equipment
  at lower cost.

Landing of Supply Craft gt Lunar Dust settle gt
Machine Retrieval gt Lunar Dust settle
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Stage 3 Temporary Manned Mission Test.
Once assured of the moon bases functionality most
of the crew would return leaving some as
preliminaries for the moon base (with the
evacuation module in check).
Provides a Human aspect to the selection criteria
for the location that cannot be taken into
account with machines.
Largely a geology mission to ensure the
foundation is secure however will also finish
off any construction as well as safety checks.
Only tools brought will be those to assist in the
full operational analysis and preparation of the
evacuation module sent before.
A single return small timeframe ( 3 days) manned
mission.
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Stage 4 Long Term Manned Missions.

• Stage 4 can begin when all other stages are
  sufficiently complete.
• Stage 4 is the final stage and is the continuous
  manned missions and supplies to the Moon.
• These would be spacecraft with only the
  appropriate materials for single journeys (as
  well as return). This should also allow for extra
  payload to the surface.
• The expansion of the moon base should now take
  precedence and a continued string of missions
  will be sent as well as unmanned supply craft as
  needed.

EVE
A R T H
I S I O N A R Y
E X P I D I T I O N
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MoonExplorationLaboratories

• Options considered

Underground
Conventional
Inflatable
Building underground means higher protection from
radiation and safer in terms of air sealing,
using spray sealants, i.e. shotcrete, would be
the first step to creating habitable underground
bases. Could mean having to excavate large
amounts of regolith to create a space large
enough to be workable with. Wold be expensive and
time inefficient in setting up a primary moon
base. Discovery of lava tubes on the moon could
simplify objectives, with a significantly reduced
need to remove as much terrain.
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Inflatable
Would be built of layers of Kevlar and mylar.
Advantage is that habitat not constrained by
diameter of launch vehicle, so great volume of
living space for given mass. Can provide high
resistance to space debris, e.g. BA 330 has
better ballistic protection than aluminium shell
designs, which is something to look for on the
moon due to little atmosphere. Some provide
better radiation shielding, the aforementioned
BA330 gives radiation protection equal or better
than ISS.
Inflatable/Conventional ? Underground
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Powering M.E.L.
Whilst heat engines and nuclear power has been
considered to power M.E.L. solar panels are seen
as the best option at present. Nuclear power
requires over 3 times as much mass to provide the
same unit of power and the use of which would be
very controversial after the recent Japanese
nuclear crisis. There is little knowledge of
the use of heat engines as a main power source in
space, so using them could have unprecedented
issues. Solar panels are therefore the safest,
most reliable and most cost effective power
source.
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Advantages of a Lunar Base

• Helium-3(2 protons and 1 neutron)
• Non-radioactive
• Could be used as fuel in future nuclear power
  plants (fusion power), leaving no toxic residue.
• How much Helium-3 do we need to fuel the Earth?
• Based on the current energy consumption, about
  100 tons of helium-3 would provide enough energy
  for the earth for a year (which means that the
  moon could provide energy for the Earth for
  10,000 years).

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Advantages of a Lunar Base-2

• Less Gravity

• Lack of Atmosphere

• Future site for launching rockets
• Due to the lower escape velocity a launch would
  require less propellant.
• Mars colony
• If the Moon were colonized, then it could be
  tested if Humans can survive in low gravity.
  Those results could be utilized for a viable Mars
  colony as well.
• Processing of materials
• ("foaming" metals, Annealing)

• Astronomical observatory
• Due to the lack of atmosphere we can have clear
  and exact readings
• Light/Darkness
• A constant sunlight on certain areas of the moon
  would allow a continuous flow of energy from
  solar panels.
• A constant Darkness on other parts as well as the
  dark side of the moon would cut out noise
  experienced by previous telescopes.

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Where on the Moon?

• A lunar base should be situated in places with
  the following characteristics
• Good conditions for transport operations
• Scientific interest
• Natural resources water, minerals
• Sunlight to produce power
• Tolerable amount of radiation

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Apollo landing sites
Mission Site Location Latitude Longitude Date of Landing
11 Mare Tranquillitatis 041'15" N 2326' E July 20, 1969
12 Oceanus Procellarum 311'51" S 2323'8" W Nov. 19, 1969
14 Fra Mauro 340'24" S 1727'55" W Feb. 5, 1971
15 Hadley-Apennines 2606'03" N 0339'10" E July 30, 1971
16 Descartes 859'29" S 1530'52" E April 21, 1972
17 Taurus-Littrow 209'55" N 3045'57" E Dec. 11, 1972

• Disadvantages of equatorial regions
• Long lunar night with no sun (orbital period is
  approximately 27.3 days 13 days of sunlight
  and 13 days of darkness)
• Extreme temperatures ranging from -153 C to 107
  C

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Advantages of a Polar Base

• Stable temperatures Average -50 C (-58 F).
• Water may be present in shaded craters.
• Energy Peaks of eternal light.
• Astronomical observation
• An infrared instrument would benefit from the
  very cold temperatures
• A radio telescope would benefit from being
  shielded from Earth's broad spectrum radio
  interference
• Line of sight communications over a large area as
  well as to Earth
• Evacuation Quick access to and from lunar orbit

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Proposed site Peary Crater (88.6N 33.0E)

• 73-km-wide crater called Peary, near the Moon's
  north pole
• Temperature range from -50 C 10
• Constantly illuminated (except during Lunar
  eclipses) Mountains of Eternal Light.
• Near permanently shadowed areas that may contain
  some quantity of ice, providing water, oxygen for
  breathing and hydrogen for rocket fuel

• During a solar minimum, radiation exposure levels
  on the moon are at 30 rems per year and during a
  solar maximum radiation exposure can reach levels
  of 100 rems per year.
• Annual limit of radiation exposure for astronauts
  is approximately 50 rems.
• Lunar base must sufficiently shield astronauts
  from exposure above this limit.

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Radar mosaic of the floor of the north polar
crater Peary, showing many craters with elevated
CPR inside, but not outside, their rims. This
material is probably water ice.
http//www.space.com/957-perfect-spot-moon-base.ht
ml
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Budget
Billion
http//www.spacenews.com/civil/110121-esa-budget-r
ises.html
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Budget
Billion
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Budget
http//milexdata.sipri.org/
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Challenges

• EVE Project

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Challenges

• EVE is an enormous and ambitious enterprise that
  demands international and commercial cooperation.
  As a consequence, many challenges are expected.

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Technological Challenges

• Logistics
• Communications
• Transportation
• Equipment
• Structures
• Habitats

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Human Factors Challenges

• Crew selection
• Crew health
• Physical
• Mental
• Isolation
• Team dynamics

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Environmental Challenges

• Temperatures fluctuations
• Radiation

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Financial Fiscal Challenges

• Governmental budget
• Private investments
• Public support

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Budget
Billion
IRAQ Air Conditioning Budget
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http//www.grist.org/list/2011-06-17-military-spen
ds-more-on-air-conditioning-than-nasas-entire-budg
e
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Special Thanks

• Group Members. People of the IRF, Lecturers and
  Carol Norberg

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Thank you!

• Any Questions?