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Organic Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry Chapter 22-23 – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Organic Chemistry

1
Organic Chemistry

Chapter 22-23

2
Organic Chemistry

Study of carbon-based compounds
Carbon has 4 valence electrons
Carbon always forms 4 covalent bonds
N (3), O (2), H (1), Halogens (1)
Carbon compounds form chains and/or rings

3
Hydrocarbons

Molecule or compound composed of carbon and
hydrogen only
Three Main Types
Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes

4
Alkanes

All single C-C bonds

H H H H H
H - C- C- C- C- C- H
H H H H H
H H H H H- C- C-
C- C- H H H H H
H H H H- C- C- C- H
H H H
C5H12
C4H10
C3H8
General Formula
CnH2n2
5
Alkenes

At least one double CC bond

H H H H H
H - C- C- C- C C- H H
H H
H H H H H- C- C-
C C- H H H
H H H H- C- C C- H
H
C5H10
C4H8
C3H6
General Formula
CnH2n
6
Alkynes

At least one triple CC bonds

H H H H - C- C-
C- C C- H H H H
H H H- C- C- C C- H
H H
H H- C- C C- H
H
C5H8
C4H6
C3H4
General Formula
CnH2n-2
7
Homologous Series

Group of compounds with similar structure and
function
Table Q

8
Alkane Homologous Series
9
Alkene Homologous Series
10
Alkyne Homologous Series
11
Saturated vs. Unsaturated

Saturated Hydrocarbons
Contain only single Carbon to Carbon bonds
(Alkanes)
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Contains at least one multiple (double, triple)
Carbon to Carbon bond
Alkenes and Alkynes

12
Naming Simple Hydrocarbons

Name is based on two parts
Number of carbons in longest continuous chain
(Table P)
Type of bonds between carbons
Single ane
Double ene
Triple yne

13
Examples
H H H H H- C- C-
C- C- H H H H H

Butane
Pentane

H H H H H
H - C- C- C- C- C- H
H H H H H
14
Alkenes and Alkynes

Name includes location of multiple bond
Carbons numbered to give multiple bond the lowest
possible number
1-butyne 2-butyne

H H H- C- C- C C- H
H H
H H
H- C- C C - C- H
H H
15
Chemical Formula

Shows only number of each type of element
C2H6
C6H12O6

16
Structural Formula

Shows how each atom is bonded to each other

H H H H H
H - C- C- C- C- C- H
H H H H H
H H H- C- C- C C- H
H H
17
Condensed Structural Formula

Shows who is bonded to who, without the actual
bonds

H H H H- C- C C- H
H
H H H H- C- C- C- H
H H H
18
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19
Branched Hydrocarbons

Alkyl Group
Hydrocarbon branch
Branch name ends with yl
Put in front of chain name
Location of branch is indicated by number
Number carbons to give lowest possible number
Multiple bond takes priority in numbering

20
Examples
H H CH3 H H
H - C- C- C- C- C- H
H H H H H

3-Methyl Pentane
2-Methyl 1-Butene

H H- C- H
H CH2 H H- C- C C- H
H
21
Isomers

Two or more compounds with the same chemical
formulas, but different structural formulas and
properties
Different Names

22
Isomer Example
C5H12
H H H H H
H - C- C- C- C- C- H
H H H H H
H H CH3 H H- C- C-
C- C- H H H H H
Pentane
Methyl Butane
H CH3 H H- C- C- C- H
H CH3 H
Dimethyl Propane
23
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24
Functional Groups

Specific arrangement of atoms that give compounds
a unique property
Table R
Examples
Hydroxyl Group, -OH O
Carbonyl Group, - C -

?
25
Halides

Halogen attached to a carbon
Prefix indicates which halogen
Table R
for which carbon halogen is attached
Multiple bonds still take priority in numbering

26
Halides
H H Cl H H- C- C-
C- C- H H H H H
Br H H H- C- C C- H
H
2-Chlorobutane
3-Bromopropene
CH3CH2CHClCH3
CH2BrCHCH2
27
Alcohol

Hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon
for which alcohol group is attached
Name ends in ol
Multiple bonds still take priority in numbering

28
Alcohol
H H H H HO-
C- C- C- C- H H
H H H
H H H H H H
H - C- C- C- C- C- C- H
H H H OH H H
3-Hexanol
1-Butanol
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
CH3CH2CH2CHOHCH2CH3
29
Aldehyde

Carbonyl group at end of chain
Name ends with al
Condensed structural formula ends with -CHO

O ? - C - H
30
Aldehyde
H H O ? H- C- C- C- H
H H
H H H H O ?
H - C- C- C- C- C- H
H H H H
Propanal
Pentanal
CH3CH2CHO
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO
31
Ketones

Carbonyl group not on end of chain
Number indicates which carbon the oxygen is
attached to
Name ends with one
Condensed structural formula has -CO- in it

O ? - C -
32
Ketones
H O H ? H- C- C- C- H
H H
H O H H H ?
H - C- C- C- C- C- H
H H H H
Propanone
2-Pentanone
CH3COCH3
CH3COCH2CH2CH3
33
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34
Amine

Nitrogen attached to a carbon
Number indicates which carbon the nitrogen is
attached to
Name ends in amine
Multiple bonds still take priority in numbering

35
Amine
H H H H
H2N- C- C- C- C- H
H H H H
H H H H H H
H - C- C- C- C- C- C- H
H H H NH2 H H
3-Hexanamine
1-Butanamine
CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2
CH3CH2CH2CHNH2CH2CH3
36
Amide

Carbonyl group with an amine group attached to it
Must be on an end
Name ends in -amide

O H ? - C - N - H
37
Amide
H H O ? H- C- C- C- NH2
H H
H H H H O ?
H - C- C- C- C- C- NH2
H H H H
Propanamide
Pentanamide
CH3CH2CONH2
CH3CH2CH2CH2CONH2
38
Organic Acid
O ? - C - O - H

Carbonyl group with a hydroxyl group attached to
it
Must be on an end
Name ends in oic acid
Condensed structural formula ends with -COOH
Hydroxyl H is the acidic H

39
Organic Acid
H O ? H - C- C- OH
H
H H H O ? H - C-
C- C- C- OH H H H
Ethanoic Acid
Butanoic Acid
CH3COOH
CH3CH2CH2COOH
40
Ether

Single oxygen between 2 carbon chains
Name each carbon chain

H H H H
H- C- C-O - C- C- H
H H H H
H H H H H H
H - C- C- C- C- O- C- C- H
H H H
H H H
Diethyl Ether
Butyl Ethyl Ether
CH3CH2OCH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH3
41
Ester
O ? - C - O -

Carbonyl group with single oxygen between carbon
chains
Name in two parts
1st Branch off oxygen as alkyl group
2nd Chain containing Carbonyl group
Ending in oate
Often have a smell

42
Ester
H O H ? H
- C- O - C- C- H H
H
H H H O H H
? H - C- C- C- C- O- C- C- H
H H H
H H
Methyl Ethanoate
Ethyl Butanoate
CH3COOCH3
CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH3
43
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44
Organic Reactions