Mutations

1
Mutations Genetic Engineering
2
Mutation

• A change in the nucleotide sequence of the genome
  of an organism

3
Substitution

• A mutation that changes one base
• Possible outcomes
• New codon codes for the same amino acid silent
• New codon changes the amino acid missense
• Sickle cell anemia
• New codon codes for a stop codon non sense

4
Frameshift Mutations

• A change in the reading pattern of the DNA
• Causes
• Deletions
• Sections of DNA are missing
• Example Williams Syndrome
• Insertions
• Mutations in which an extra base is inserted

5
Chromosomal Mutations

• Involves changes in the number or structure of
  chromosomes
• Deletion- loss of all or part
• Cystic Fibrous
• Duplication segment is repeated
• Huntingtons disease
• Inversion orientation is in the reverse
  direction
• Translocation two non homologous chromosomes
  exchange segments

6
(No Transcript)
7
Genetic Engineering

• Manipulating an organisms genome using
  biotechnology

8
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

• Organisms who have been genetically altered using
  biotechnology

These are also referred to as transgenic organisms
9
Transgenic Organisms

• Microorganisms
• Insulin production
• Clotting Factors
• Plants (GMOs)
• Insect resistant
• Weather Resistant
• Mammals
• Medicine
• Commerical

10
Cloning

• Making an exact genetic copy of an organism

• Why clone?
• Medical purposes
• Animal models
• Stem cells
• Drug production
• Reviving extinct or endangered organisms
• Pet trade

11
Stem Cells

• Cells that can divide and differentiate into
  diverse specialized cells

• Why study stem cells?
• They are unspecialized can reproduce (mitosis)
• 2. They can be induced to become specific cells
  with specific functions.

• Two types
• Embryonic
• Adult

12
DNA Fingerprinting

• A method of isolating and making images of a
  persons unique DNA sequence
• Process Gel Electrophoresis
• with help from restriction enzymes

13
DNA Fingerprints
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)