Cold War, Hot War

1
Cold War, Hot War

• The Korean Conflict
• First Hot Conflict in the Cold War

2

• Division of the World

• By 1950, the divisiveness between East and West
  is clearly established through procedure and
  policy
• Truman Doctrine and Containment
• Marshall Plan and the Economic Cooperation Plan
• The Domino Theory
• United Nations
• NATO and the WARSAW PACT would exacerbate
  relations between East and West throughout the
  1950s.

3
Pacific Theater of WWII and the Korean Conflict

• In 1945, Russia declared war on Japan to aid the
  Allies in WWII and to push Japanese influences
  out of Korea and China.
• While the Allies pushed through the Pacific
  theater with the island hopping campaign, Russia
  pushed through China into Northern Korea up to
  the 38th parallel (August 1945) where they
  stopped and waited for the Allies who arrived at
  the 38th parallel a month later (September 1945).
  
• In 1949, Communist China was established under
  the leadership of Mao Zedong with aid from the
  Soviet Union.
• Communist China made the Western Allies very
  nervous because of their vast size, massive
  population, and growing economy.

4
Korea what to do

• In the meantime, the Soviets wasted no time
  establishing a Communistic influence,
  specifically in North Korea (north of the 38th
  parallel).
• As in all things, the 38th parallel was the
  agreed upon border, but tensions oozed across the
  line into all parts of Korea and guerilla attacks
  were common throughout Korea.
• Influenced by the Domino Theory Truman realized
  that he could fight Communism without directly
  attacking the Soviet Union by helping Korea.

5
Korean Conflict The Forgotten War

• Communist Response

• UN Action

• In October, Russia responded to the United
  Nations by declaring the Peoples Democratic
  Republic of Korea (North Korea- NKPA under Kim Il
  Sung) to be the legitimate government
• The Soviets refused to acknowledge the South
  Korean government sanctioned by the UN.
• Kim Il Sung, N. Korean leader sought aid from
  both the Soviet Union and the Republic of China.
  
• Syngman Rhee threatened to attack N. Korea.
• On June 25, 1950, North Korea attacked South
  Korea.
• The United States and the UN mobilized in
  response under General MacArthur.

• Once the war ended, the United States turned
  South Korea over to the United Nations who held a
  free election.
• The United Nations maintained that the freely
  elected South Korean government was the only
  legitimate government in Korea (ROK Republic of
  Korea under Syngman Rhee).
• They refused to acknowledge the Communist
  government of North Korea.
• This created further tensions between the UN and
  the Soviets because the West refused to accept
  Communist governments in the East.

6
Korean Battles

• Initially, the N. Koreans had success and crossed
  the 38th parallel capturing Seoul, the capital of
  South Korea.
• Their primary goal was to capture Pusan, an open
  port for U.N. supplies.
• South Korean soldiers could not succeed against
  Russian made tanks, aircraft and munitions.
• However, the North Koreans could not maintain
  their overextended supply lines.

7
United Nations and United States fight back

• The UN forces in S. Korea were largely comprised
  of American troops and supplies.
• The United States poured 10 billion dollars into
  the conflict effort.
• On September 15, 1950 the Allied forces invaded
  N. Korean held territory at Inchon, behind enemy
  lines to cut off N. Korean troops from their
  supply lines.
• 261 American and British vessels
• 40,000 American troops

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• Those are the flags of Gangster Mobs, and
  Millionaires. Now shut up.

9
Push On Push On

• With the success at Inchon, the United Nations
  pushed north of the 38th parallel intending to
  squash the Communist regime.
• The UN and S. Korean troops captured the capital
  of N. Korea, Pyongyang and pushed to the border
  of China.
• N. Korean fighting forces crossed the Yalu River
  into China where they received aid from Communist
  Chinese troops.
• Mao Zedong agreed to help Stalin and N. Korea.
  
• Approximately 300,000 Chinese troops began
  crossing the Yalu River into N. Korea.
• Within weeks, the UN troops were in retreat.
• Afraid that continued conflict would unite China
  and Russia against the UN/US forces, the UN
  retreated to the 38th parallel (against
  MacArthurs wishes) where smaller conflicts
  occurred over control of Seoul and the 38th
  parallel.

10
Do you think General MacArthur is right? Write a
brief reflection justifying your answer.

• "It seems strangely difficult for some to realize
  that here in Asia is where the Communist
  conspirators have elected to make their play for
  global conquest, and that we have joined the
  issues thus raised on the battlefield that here
  we fight Europe's war with arms, while the
  diplomats there fight it with words that if we
  lose the war to Communism in Asia, the fall of
  Europe is inevitable win it, and Europe would
  probably avoid war and yet preserve freedom.
• -- General Douglas MacArthur.

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MacArthurs Dismissal and new UN Negotiations

• General MacArthur was determined to confront
  Communist forces despite UN and US commands.
• After publicly denouncing Washington policy,
  Truman replaced Gen. MacArthur as commander of UN
  forces and replaced him with General Mathew
  Ridgeway.
• Peace negotiations were tense with accusations
  and misunderstandings on both sides leading to
  greater tensions.

12
Change in Leadership

• In 1953, there was a change in leadership in both
  the United States and in the Soviet Union.
• Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president,
  January
• Josef Stalin died, March
• Khrushchev and a leadership panel of Soviet
  Ministers gained control of Soviet Russia.

13
3rd World War?

• As tensions increased, fears of a third World War
  loomed.
• Threats and fears of Atomic Weapons were
  increasing on both sides. Eisenhower hinted he
  was preparing for nuclear intervention.
• Neither side could make any significant progress
  in the front lines.

Modern Political Cartoon depicted Korean
conflict.
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Peoples Republic of China call the WarWar to
Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea.

• Both sides quickly realized that escalating
  tensions were leading to the feared world war and
  both sides agreed to peace negotiations.
• An exchange of prisoners took place in June 1953.
• On July 27th 1953, an armistice was signed and
  the Korean War came to an end.

United States calls the WarKorean Conflict or
Police Action. It is also known as the
Forgotten War or the Unknown War
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North Korea calls the war Fatherland Liberation
War

• In the end
• 1 Million S. Koreans are dead
• 2 Million N. Koreans are dead
• 94,000 UN Troops are dead (55,000 were American)
• The 38th Parallel remained a dividing line
  between N. Korea and S. Korea.
• Neither side could claim victory.

South Korea calls the war 6-2-5 War (the
commencement date of the conflict)
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The World at the end of theKorean Conflict