The Cold War

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The Cold War

• USA vs. Soviet Union

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YALTA Conference

• February 1945 (Crimean Peninsula on Black Sea)
• FDR, Churchill, Stalin
• Final plans for defeat of Germany Japan
• Formation of a World organization (UN) w/
  security council (veto power) of 5 along w/ the
  IMF World Bank
• Declaration of a liberated Europe (sovereign
  rights free will)
• Dismemberment of Germany Berlin (split into 4
  pieces each)-- Iron Curtain develops in East
• Zone of occupation for the French
• Reparations (Britain received 3.75bn while
  Soviets got 0)
• War Criminals (Nazis others tried at Nuremberg
  Trials)
• Poland (broad-based provisional govt, free
  election universal manhood suffrage)--elections
  broken by Stalin
• Yugoslavia (had to sign anti-fascist documents)

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Big Three Churchill, FDR, Stalin
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Nuremberg Trials
Herman Goering on the stand--mastermind of the
Holocaust
Nuremberg defendants on trial
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Potsdam Conference

• Truman Stalins first meeting following FDRs
  death (w/ Churchill)
• Suburb of Berlin
• Truman uses A-bomb to intimidate
• Conclude discussions on postwar Europe
• Soviets aggressively start research on A-bombs
• Leads to competition (USSR gets within 1 year)

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Iron Curtain
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Top 10 Cold War factors

• Reasons why the USA Soviets were suspicious of
  each other in the 1940s-1960s

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• 10. Soviet aggression
• The Soviets invaded its neighbors in Europe to
  gain
• new communist lands.
• The Second Front
• The promised invasion of Western Europe was
  postponed for 2 years--led to millions of
  Russians killed/dead.
• Poland
• The Soviets set up a puppet government
  executed thousands.
• Policies Philosophy
• Capitalism v. Communism
• Financial Aid
• The USA refused to help rebuild Russia after the
  war.

9

• Post War Germany
• The Soviets refused to give Germany back to the
  Germans.
• The War Against Japan
• The Soviets didnt willingly help us fight
  Japan after Germany quit the war.
• The United Nations
• The Soviets feared the organization would be
  controlled by capitalists.
• President Truman
• Truman was viewed as passionately
  anti-communists by the Soviets.
• The Atomic Bomb
• The Soviets were kept in the dark by the USA
  about bomb developments. US will later have
  20,000 the Soviets will have 50,000!!!

10
Containment Policy

• Created by George Kennan (Harvard)
• US should do anything possible to prevent the
  future spread of communism
• Truman likes idea
• Official policy of containment dubbed Truman
  Doctrine

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Truman Doctrine

• Greece--poor country w/ very limited resources
  communist forces already in the country
  fighting vital to Eastern Mediterranean
  stability
• Turkey--neutral until end of WW1 strongly
  anti-communist (Russia) underdeveloped needed
  to modernize the military
• 1st case of Truman Doctrine in action
• Congress grants 400m in aid combined
• Succeeds in resisting the communist threat

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Greece Turkey
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Marshall Plan

• Threat of communists advanced to Western Europe
  too
• Secretary of State George Marshall works out
  joint plan
• US pledges financial help (13bn over 4 years)
• Countries had to be democratic capitalistic

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More Marshall Plan stuff.
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Berlin Airlift

• Followed WW2 (June 48 to Sept. 49)
• Stalin wouldnt allow reunification wanted a
  communist Germany
• Germany Berlin divided into East/West
• US, GB, France controlled the West
• Soviets the East
• West Berlin became isolated except for 1 road 1
  railroad
• Germans flee East Germany thru West Berlin
• 100,000 more!!
• Stalin cuts off escape routes West Berlin is
  blockaded
• Banned shipments from everywhere
• US does NOT want to risk war by running blockade
• Decided to use Marshall to run an airlift
• 15 months long, 200,000 flights, 13,000 tons of
  supplies dropped daily it works again!!
• Berlin remains a sore spot for conflict (wall)

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Berlin Airlift images
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NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

• Created in 1949--aimed to protect against UN
  vetoes
• Louis St. Laurent
• Designed to protect Western Europe
• Principle of collective security against USSRs
  veto power in UN
• armed attack on one is an attack on all
• 15 nations joined by 1955
• Dramatic departure from US isolationism

• Soviets counter in 1955
• Pact is with all Soviet satellite nations
• Make same philosophical points
• Balance of powers
• Stalemate situation
• Proxy wars will be fought around the world

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Cold War in Asia

• China, Korea, Japan following WW2

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China becomes communist

• Before WW2--China was in competition between
  Nationalists Communists
• Nationalists led by Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kaishek)
• Communists led by Mao Zedong
• Fought together against the Japanese
• Resume fighting after Japan is out
• US supported Nationalists but run out of
• Soviets support Mao
• Communists win Nationalists flee to Taiwan
• Americans are upset that China falls to commies
  question foreign policy of

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Nationalists v. Communists
Jiang Jieshi (aka Chiang Kaishek)
MAO
Jieshi Zedong
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Japan occupation

• Forced occupation led by MacArthur
• Tried Japanese war criminals
• Made very good impression on Japanese during
  reconstruction
• Adopted democracy fueled economic recovery
  trade ties with USA
• Specialized in electronics manufacturing

MacArthur with Emperor Hirohito
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North Korea advances communism

• Japan collapses in 1945
• Soviets retake North Korea/Manchuria US/USSR
  cant agree on reuniting Korea so they split it
  at 38th Parallel
• North Korean becomes communist under Kim Il-Sung
  armed w/ military equipment
• Invaded South Korea forces South to Pusan
• Truman reacts quadruples spending, 3.5 million
  drafted to armed forces, 50 bn/year on defense
• UN Security Council meets to discuss Korea
• Soviets boycott the meeting--China issue

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Korean War

• USSR doesnt show up to UN meeting (protesting
  exclusion of China) so no veto power
• Truman gets unanimous condemnation of North Korea
  (16 countries pledge support)
• Force led by USA (main) MacArthur
• Attacks behind lines at Inchon
• Within 2 weeks forced North back to 38th
• UN authorized push across border to reunite Korea
• China becomes fearful defends at Yalu River
• Chinese pour across force UN back to 38th
• War becomes stalemate limited (3 years)
• 55,000 Americans are killed
• MacArthur wants to use nukes calls Truman a
  pig, imbecile, Judas and gets fired (Eisenhower
  elected)

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Kim Il-Sung
Korean War lines
Artillery barrage