How many proteins can you name that must be made using DNA?

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How many proteins can you name that must be made
using DNA?
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Diabetes
Diabetics need to inject themselves with the
protein insulin. This helps them to control
their blood sugar levels.
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Insulin is a protein. This means that it is
coded for by DNA
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Haemophilia
Haemophilia is a genetic condition in which
patients are lacking a protein called factor VIII
which is needed for blood to clot.
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Hemophiliacs need to inject Factor VIII
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How do doctors get Insulin and Factor VIII?
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Stage 1 Extract the gene.
ß cells from the human pancreas are selected as
we know they produce insulin so will contain
insulin mRNA
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and make lots of copies
Cell
Enzyme
Lots of copies of the gene
mRNA
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Stage 2 Bacteria contain Plasmids. Genes can be
added to bacteria using plasmids
Bacterium
Bacterial Chromosome
Plasmid (circle of DNA)
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Stage 3

• Insert the gene into the plasmid

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DNA can be joined using Sticky Ends
GCTTCGCTAATC
GGGGCTTCGCTAATC
CGAAGCGATTAG
CGAAGCGATTACCCC
Enzyme
ATTATAAAGGCGCGGTATAGCGCTTAGGGATTATTCCCGGATAT
ATTATAAAGGCGCGGTATAGCGCT
GGGTATTATTTGCGCA
TAATATTTCCGCGCCATATCGCGAATCCCTAATAAGGGCCTAT
TAATATTTCCGCGCCATATCGCGAATCCC
ATAATAAACGCGT
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DNA can be joined using Sticky Ends
Enzyme
GGGGCTTCGCTAATC
TTATAAAGGCGCGGTATAGCGCT
GGGTATTATTTGCGCA
CGAAGCGATTACCCC
TAATATTTCCGCGCCATATCGCGAATCCC
ATAATAAACGCGT
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DNA can be joined using Sticky Ends
GGGGCTTCGCTAATC
TTATAAAGGCGCGGTATAGCGCT
GGGTATTATTTGCGCA
Enzyme
CGAAGCGATTACCCC
TAATATTTCCGCGCCATATCGCGAATCCC
ATAATAAACGCGT
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Stage 3 Inset the gene into a Vector
Human gene
Enzyme
Enzyme
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Stage 4 Put a gene for antibiotic resistance in
too
Gene for the insulin protein
Gene for antibiotic resistance
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Stage 5 Introduce the Vector into Host Cells
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Stage 6 Grow the bacteria in antibiotic
Only bacteria with the plasmid in can survive and
grow
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Stage 7 Large Scale Culturing
PROTEIN
PROTEIN
Allow genetically modified bacteria to multiply
and secrete the human protein
PROTEIN