Transforming the Roman World

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9-1

• Transforming the Roman World

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1. What replaced the Western Roman empire by 500

• A number of states fuled by German Kings

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2. Who were the Anglo-Saxons?

• The Angles and the Saxons were Germanic tribes
  from Denmark and Northern Germany who settled in
  Britain in the 5th Century

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3. Which of the German states on the European
continent proved long lasting?

• The Kingdom of the Franks

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4. What political advantage did Clovis gain when
he converted to Christianity?

• His conversion gave him the support of the
  Catholic Church

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5. Describe the crucial social bond among the
Germanic peoples

• Extended families held towns together

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6. What was wergild?

• The amount paid by a wrongdoer to the family of
  the person who was wronged

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7. Explain the importance of a man known as the
pope

• Bishop of Rome and the leader of the Catholic
  Church

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8. In what endeavor was Pope Gregory I especially
active?

• Converting Germanic people to Christianity

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9. What good works did the Christian monks in the
new European civilization perform?

• Provided schools, hospitals, and hospitality for
  travelers

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10. What did the coronation of Charlemagne
symbolize?

• The coming together of the Roman, Christian , and
  Germanic worlds to make European civilization

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11. Why do we have manuscripts of Ancient Roman
literary works today?

• They were copied by Carolingian monks

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Wergild

• The amount of money paid to a family to make up
  for a wrongdoing

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Ordeal

• A physical trial to determine guilt or innocence

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Bishopric

• A diocese or group of churches together

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Pope

• The bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church

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Monk

• A man who dedicates his life to God

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Monasticism

• The practice of being a monk

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Missionary

• Someone who goes out to spread a religious message

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Nun

• A woman who dedicates her life to God

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Abbess

• Head nun at a convent

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Visigoth

• Germanic tribe that conquered Spain

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Ostrogoth

• Germanic tribe that conquered Italy in the 5th
  century

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Anglo-Saxon

• Germanic tribe that settled in Great Britain

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Clovis

• Converted to Christianity and started the first
  Frankish Kingdom

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Gregory I

• Strengthened the papacy in the 6th century

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Saint Benedict

• Started the first monastery in the 6th century

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Mayor of the Palace

• Chief officer in the Kings household

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Pepin

• Unified the Frankish Kingdom

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Charlemagne

• Ruled a vast Frankish kingdom called the
  Carolingian Empire, crowned by the Pope as the
  Holy Roman Emperor

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Scriptoria

• Writing rooms in monasteries where monks copied
  books

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9-4

• The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades

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• I. Justinian became Emperor of the Eastern Roman
  Empire in 527
• A. Justinians most important contribution was
  his codification of Roman Law
• B. This simplified code was The body of civil
  law, the basis of Imperial law

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• II. The most serious challenge to the Eastern
  Roman Empire was the rise of Islam
• A. Islamic forces defeated an army of the Eastern
  Empire at Yarmuk in 636
• B. By the beginning of the eighth century, the
  Eastern Empire was much smaller

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• 1. Historians call this smaller empire the
  Byzantine Empire
• 2. The Christian church of this Empire was known
  as the Eastern Orthodox Church
• 3. Because the emperor appointed the head of the
  Orthodox church, known as the patriarch, he
  exercised control over church and state

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• III. The Empire recovered and expanded under
  emperors known as the Macedonians
• A. The Byzantine Empire was troubled by a growing
  split in its church
• B. In 1054, Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael
  Celularius of the Byzantine Church formally
  excommunicated each other

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• C. this began the schism, or separation, between
  the two branches of Christianity that has not
  been healed to this day
• The main cause of this schism was the
  Patriarchs refusal to accept the Pope in Rome as
  his authority

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• IV. From the eleventh to the thirteenth
  centuries, European Christians conducted military
  expeditions known as the crusades
• A. Warriors of Western Europe formed the first
  crusading armies

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• B. In 1187, Jerusalem fell to Muslim forces under
  Saladin
• C. Richard the Lionhearted negotiated a
  settlement whereby Christian pilgrims had free
  access to Jerusalem
• D. The first widespread attacks on Jews bean in
  the context of the crusades

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Patriarch

• Head of the Eastern Orthodox Church

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Schism

• Separation between two branches of Christianity

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Crusades

• Expeditions to regain the holy lands from the
  Muslims

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Infidel

• A non-believer, Muslim

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Justinian

• Emperor of the Byzantine Empire

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Body of Civil Law

• Justinians laws for the Byzantine Empire
  (simplified from Roman Law)

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Byzantine Empire

• The Eastern half of the former Roman Empire

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Macedonians

• Byzantine Emperors from 867-1081

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Seljuk Turks

• Defeated the Byzantine Empire in East Asia

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Saint Bernard of Clairvaux

• Called for the 2nd Crusade

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Saladin

• Great Muslim military leader who took Jerusalem
  from the Christians

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Innocent III

• Called for the 4th Crusade