World History

1
World History

• Chapter 4
• The Rise of Ancient Greece

2
Chapter 4, Section 1, Beginnings

Overview

• The Aegean Area
• Aegean Civilizations
• Poets and Heroes
• A Family of Deities

3
Objectives

• Understand how being close to the sea made the
  Greeks seafarers
• Know where and how the early civilizations of
  Greece developed

4
Terms to Know

• Labyrinth A maze e.g. passages or hallways
  twisting and turning in all directions
• Bard A singing storyteller. Bards were used in
  the dark age to keep traditions alive.

5
People to Meet

• Sir Arthur Evans
• The Minoans
• The Mycenaeans
• Homer
• Heinrich Schliemann

6
Places to Locate

• Crete
• Mycenae

7
Did You Know?

• One of the adventures in Homers Odyssey
  involved a one-eyed giantcalled a Cyclopswho
  shut Odysseus in his cave and blocked the
  entrance with a huge rock. Odysseus made the
  Cyclops drunk, blinded him by driving a burning
  stake into his eye while he slept, and escaped by
  clinging to the belly of a sheep let out to
  pasture.

8
The Aegean Area

• Greece is made up largely of low-lying rugged
  mountains and a long, indented coastline the
  mountains both protected and isolated Ancient
  Greeks on the mainland, who never united under
  one government.
• The Greeks did speak one language and had the
  same religion
• Many Greeks earned their livings on the sea the
  mild climate allowed Greeks to spend much of
  their time outdoors

9
The Aegean Area

• Greeks turned to become fishers, traders and
  pirates.
• The climate allowed people to spend time
  outdoors, assembling for meetings and performing
  plays.

10
Aegean Civilizations The Minoans

• Greek myth referred to the existence of an early
  civilization on the island of Crete
  archaeologists have since unearthed remains of
  this Minoan civilization, which flourished from
  about 2500 to 1450 B.C. The Minoans were the
  first in the Aegean Region.
• British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans who
  discovered Minoan remains about 1900 A.D.

11
The Minoans (cont)

• The Minoan civilization, which earned its living
  from sea trade, reached its peak around 1600
  B.C. it collapsed about 250 years later.
• Both men and women curled their hair, bedecked
  themselves with gold jewelry, set off narrow
  waists with wide metal belts.
• Minoan woman enjoyed a higher status than many
  other civilizations.
• Minoan ships help keep the seas free from pirates

12
The Minoans (cont)

• Minoan ships dominated the Mediterranean
• Ships protected coastno need for walls
• The destruction or collapse of the Minoan
  civilization believed by a tidal wave after an
  earthquake or from attack from Mycenaeans

13
Aegean Civilizations The
Mycenaeans

• The Mycenaeans, from Indo-European peoples of
  central Asia, began moving from their homeland
  around 2000 B.C.
• When they entered the Balkan Peninsula, the
  Mycenaeans intermarried with local people, known
  as the Hellenes, and set up a group of kingdoms.

14
The Mycenaeans (cont)

• The palaces in the center of Mycenae served as
  government offices
• The Mycenaeans adopted many Minoan cultural
  elements metalworking, shipbuilding, and
  navagation
• Each kingdom created centered around a hilltop.
  Stone walls circled the fortress.

15
The Mycenaeans (cont)

• Made swords of bronze
• Kept good records and collected taxes based on
  wealth
• Wheat
• Livestock
• Honey

16
The Mycenaeans and the Dorians

• By the mid-1400s B.C.,the Mycenaeans had
  conquered the Minoans and controlled the Aegean
  area
• Soon after 1100 B.C., however, the Greek-speaking
  Dorians conquered Greece from the North
• Myceneaen walls weakened by civil war
• Dorians had iron weapons

17
The Mycenaeans, Dorians, and Ionians

• Historians call the next 300 years of Greek
  history a dark age because overseas trade
  stopped, people lost skills, and poverty
  increased.
• Large numbers of Greeks flee the Dorian influence
  and go to Aegean islands and across the Aegean
  Sea to Asian Minor and a place called Ionia.

18
The Mycenaeans, Dorians, and Ionians

• By 750 B.C. the Ionians reintroduced culture,
  crafts and skills to Greecemostly Mycenaean.
• New Greek culture called Hellenic flourished from
  700s until 336 B.C.
• Ionians introduce Phoenician alphabet and other
  cultural elements in Ionia and their former
  homeland.

19
The Mycenaeans, Dorians, and Ionians

• The Phoenician alphabet limits Greek reading and
  writing to just 24 letters and made learning
  simpler.
• The Dorian Dark Ages went away and a new Greek
  civilization formed from mostly Mycenaean
  elements.

20
Poets and Heroes

• During Dark Ages, bardssinging story
  tellerskept Mycenaean traditions alive
• Now able to write, Greeks began to record bard
  stories

21
The Iliad and the Odyssey

• According to tradition, an eighth-century B.C.
  blind poet named Homer composed the two most
  famous Greek epics
• Iliad and the Odyssey
• Set during and after the legendary Trojan War in
  the mid-1200s B.C.
• Mycenaeans fought Trojans mid 1200s A.D.

22
The Iliad and the Odyssey

• Iliad begins with Trojan prince falling in love
  with Helen, wife of Mycenaean king
• He takes her with him to Troy
• Avenging Helens kidnapping, Mycenaeans lay siege
  to Troy for 10 years
• Unable to capture the city, Mycenaeans resort to
  trickery, using a wooden horse to gain entry

23
The Iliad and the Odyssey

• According to Illiad
• Trojan War lasted 10 years
• Troy in present day Turkey
• Greeks built large wooden horse
• Soldiers hid in belly
• Gave to Troy as gift and pretended to sail away
• Once inside gates, Greek soldiers leapt out and
  conquered Troy

24
The Iliad and the Odyssey

• The Iliad and the Odyssey are epic poems, not
  reliable historic accounts of the Trojan War

25
The Iliad and the Odyssey

• The Odyssey describes the wonderings of the
  Mycenaean king, Odysseus, and his return to his
  faithful wife
• His 10-year journey resulted in people referring
  to any long, adventure-filled journey as a
  odyssey

26
The Illiad and the Odyssey

• Schools in ancient Greece used Homers epics to
  teach values.
• His epics talked about values such as courage and
  honor.

27
Teaching Greek Values

• The Iliad and Odyssey also represented of the
  things
• Love of nature
• Husband and wife relationships
• Tender feelings
• Loyalty between friends
• Strive for excellence
• Meet life with dignity

28
A Family of Deities

• Explained why people behaved like that
• Why their lives took a certain direction.
• More than other civilizations, the Greeks
  humanized their deities
• The Greeks didnt fear their gods, they
  approached their gods with dignity
• They humanized their gods
• Their gods took human form
• Their gods possessed super-human powers
• Tried to be like themstriving for excellence

29
Gods and Goddesses

• Greeks took features of both Minoan and Mycenaean
  gods
• Each community took a particular god or goddess
  as its patron and protector
• Greeks believed 12 most important deities lived
  on Mount Olympus
• Believed that each controlled a specific part of
  the natural world, e.g. Zeus, the chief god ruled
  the sky, weather and thunderstorms

30
Gods and Goddesses

• Apollo, god of light, drove the sun across the
  sky every day in his chariot
• Apollo considered god of prophecy
• Brought gifts to oracle at Delphi honoring him
• Asked for hidden knowledge to be revealed
• Priests and priestesses would interpret Apollos
  answers to questions

31
Gods and Goddesses

• As Hellenic civilization developed, certain
  religious festivals became part of Greek
  lifeincluding the Olympic Games
• Held in city of Olympia
• For the greater glory of Zeus
• Drama (a celebration of Dionysus, the god of wine
  and fertility).

32
Gods and Goddesses

• Originted the play
• Celebrated of Dionysus
• Audience around on hillside
• Told stories and danced to the flute
• Permanent amphitheaters appeared

33
Chapter 4, Section 2, The Polis

• Greek Colonies and Trade
• The Typical Polis
• Political and Social Change

34
Objectives

• Know how economic prosperity brought significant
  political and social changes to the Greek
  city-states
• Understand that the Greeks founded colonies
  throughout the area of the Mediterranean and
  Black Seas

35
Terms to Know

• Polis a city-state the basic political unit of
  the Hellenic civilization
• Citizen those who take part in government
• Aristocrat nobles members of the upper class
• Phalanx rows of soldiers using their shields to
  form a wall
• Tyrant a person seizing power of a city-state
  and controlling it
• Oligarchy where a few wealthy people hold power
• Democracy a government by the people where power
  lies in the hands of the people

36
Places to Locate

• Athens
• Sparta

37
The Typical Polis

• A typical polis included a city and the
  surrounding villages, fields, and orchards on
  the top of the acropolis in the center of the
  city stood the temple of the local deity, and at
  the foot of the acropolis citizens gathered to
  carry out public affairsthe agora.

38
The Typical Polis

• The citizens of a polis had both rights and
  responsibilities.
• The could vote, hold public office, speak for
  themselves, and own property.
• They were expected to serve in government and
  defend the polis in war.
• Citizens, however, made up only a minority of the
  residents of the polis slaves, foreign-born
  residents, and women had no political or legal
  rights.
• Before 500 B.C., men not owning land were
  excluded
• The agora served as the polis political center

39
Greek Colonies and Trade

• By 700 B.C. Greek farmers no longer grew enough
  grain to feed everyone, so each polis sent out
  groups of people to establish colonies in coastal
  areas.
• Each colony kept close ties with its mainland
  metropolis, supplying grain and exporting the
  mainlands excess wine, olive oil, and other cash
  crops.

40
Greek Colonies and Trade

• Soon, the Greeks replaced their barter system
  with a money economy, and expanded overseas
  trade.
• Merchants started issuing coins
• Cities soon over this responsibility
• The cities of Ionia in Asia Minor assumed
  leadership in a growing textile industry pottery
  made in Ionia was the earliest Greek pottery to
  be exported.

41
Political and Social Change

• Economic growth changed Greek political life
  where once kings had ruled, landholding
  aristocrats took power.
• Aristocrats would supply military forces for
  kings ventures
• Farmers became indebted to landowners and had
  difficulty repaying loans, often selling
  themselves into slavery
• Disputes arose between the aristocrats and
  farmers, who demanded political reforms.

42
Political and Social Change

• As Greek armies came to rely on foot soldiers
  (generally farmers) more than cavalry (generally
  aristocrats), aristocrats began to lose
  influence.
• Farmers provide the core of the phalanxclosely
  arrayed rows of soldiers with solid row of
  shields
• Merchants and artisans began demanding
  changewanted polis to advance business interests

43
Political and Social Change

• As a result of the unrest, tyrannies arose, in
  which one man seized power and ruled the polis
  single-handedly.
• Most tyrants ruled fairly, but a few gave the
  term tyrant a bad name
• Tyrants ruled until 500 B.C.

44
Political and Social Change

• After the reign of tyrants, most city-states
  become either oligarchies or democracies
• The most famous democracy in Greece was Athens,
  and the most famous oligarchy was Sparta

45
Chapter 4, Section 3, Rivals

• Sparta
• Athens
• Athenian Democracy

46
Objectives

• Know the difference between the values, cultures,
  and achievements represented by Sparta and those
  represented by Athens

47
Terms to Define

• Constitution The plan of government
• Rhetoric The art of public speaking

48
People to Know

• Draco
• Solon
• Peisistratus
• Cleisthenes

49
Places to Locate

• Peloponnesus
• Attica

50
Sparta

• The descendents of the Dorian invaders of the
  dark age founded Sparta, located in Peloponnesus,
  a peninsula of southern Greece.
• Instead of founding overseas colonies, the
  Spartans invaded neighboring city-states and
  enslaved the local people.

51
Sparta

• The Spartans owned many slaves known as helots.
  They farmed Spartan estates.
• A group of Free individuals called perioeci
  were artisans and merchants from conquered
  territories who worked for the Spartans.
• Together, these two groups outnumbered the
  Spartans 200,000 to 10,000.

52
Sparta

• Around 650 B.C. the slaves revolted against their
  Spartan masters
• Took 30 years to quell the revolt
• The Spartans decided to maintain power by
  establishing a military society

53
A Military Society

• All life in Sparta revolved around the army.
• Men strove to be first-rate soldiers
• Women worked to be good mothers of soldiers
• Spartans didnt like other Greeks who chose to
  live behind walls for protection
• Spartan men provided the best protection.

54
A Military Society

• Spartan women given more freedom than other Greek
  women and were brought up to be healthy like
  Spartan men.
• Women could not take part in government.
• Newborn infants were examined by the government
  to determine health.
• Unhealthy babies were placed on a hillside at
  night to die.

55
A Military Society

• At age 7, Boys placed in military training
• Taken from home and placed in barracks
• Reading, writing, and use of weapons
• At 20, they were soldiers
• Sent to frontier areas
• At 30, they were expected to marry
• But did not maintain households of their own
• Lived in barracks until 60, then retired

56
Role of Women

• Raised to be healthy
• Given as much food as men, unlike rest of Greece
• Girls trained
• Wrestling
• Gymnastics
• Boxing

57
Role of Women

• Married at age 19, not 14 (Greece)
• Increased likelihood of healthy baby
• More rights accorded Spartan women
• Could shop marketplace
• Attend dinners with non-family members
• Own property in their names
• Express opinions in public
• Could not participate in polis government

58
Spartas Government

• There were two Spartan kingsan oligarchy
• Didnt have much power
• Primarily religious and military leadership

59
Spartas Government

• The Assembly was made up of all males over 20 and
  passed laws and made decisions on war and peace.
• Each year, the Assembly elected five ephors who
  could veto laws and performed certain
  administration functions.
• A Council of Elders, 28 men over 60, proposed
  laws to Assembly and served as a supreme court.

60
Result of Militarism

• Succeeded in holding power over perioeci and
  helots for 250 years
• Suspicious of new ideas and lagged behind other
  cities in business
• Much poorer
• Lagged in intellectual development
• Exceptional athletes and best protector of Greece

61
Athens

• On a peninsula of central Greece named Attica,
  Mycenaean descendants established the city-state
  of Athens. The polis was named after the
  goddess, Athena

62
Athens

• Initially, non-landowning citizens could not
  participate in Athenss Assembly.
• Unlike Sparta, Athens gradually expanded its
  definition of citizenship to include more people
• Eventually, all free men could be members of the
  Assembly regardless of what class they belonged
  to, even the meticsforeign-born citizens

63
Athens

• The political change that permitted more people
  to participate in government reduced much of the
  friction between social classes.
• Four successive leaders brought changes

64
Dracos Law Code

• Draco issued an improved code of written laws
• Aristocrats could no longer dictate what was
  legal.
• Some of his laws were harsh e.g.,death for
  stealing cabbage.
• Over time, the term draconian has come to mean
  something cruel and severe.
• Positive sidethe laws were written down and
  aristocrats could no langer take advantage

65
Solons Reforms

• Leader of Athens 594 B.C.
• Cancelled all debts and freed debtors from
  slavery
• Solon improved economic conditions, promoted
  trade, fostered industry, and introduced
  political reforms that moved Athens toward
  democracy
• Ordered fathers to teach sons a trade
• Established 2-house government for political
  equality

66
Radical Reformers

• Peistratus (pihSIHStruhtuhs)
• divided large estates among landless farmers
• extended citizenship to men who did not own land
• offered the poor loans and jobs.

67
Radical Reformers

• Cleisthenes came to power in 508 B.C.
• Introduced laws that established democracy
• Sought to
• End local rivalries
• Break power of aristocracy
• Extend guarantees to more citizens
• Reorganize central government

68
Athenian Democracy

• Cleisthenes, the fourth leader to help reform
  Athens, established democracy for Athens under
  Cleisthenes constitution, the Assembly won
  increased powers and fully emerged as the major
  political body.

69
Athenian Democracy

• All citizens could become a member of the
  Assembly.
• The Assembly served as a supreme court and
  appointed generals to run the military.

70
Athenian Democracy

• Each year in a lottery, Athenian citizens chose
  members of the Council of 500, who carried out
  daily government business.
• Citizens favored a lottery believing all citizens
  were capable of holding office.
• Elections, in their view, would unfavorably favor
  the rich who had the advantage fame and training
  in public speaking.

71
Athenian Democracy

• Although only 20 percent of Athenians were
  citizens, ancient Athens laid the foundation for
  the Western concept of democratic government.
• Because Athens expected every citizen to hold
  public office at some time in his life, it
  required Athenian citizens to educate their sons
  girls rarely received a formal education.

72
Athenian Democracy

• Jury system decided court cases
• From 201 to 1001 members
• The more jurors, the less likelihood that they
  would be bribed, threatened, or show prejudice
• Cleisthenes reforms lasted 200 years
• Foundation for Western concept of democracy

73
Athenian Education

• Athenian men educated because they were expected
  to hold public office
• Women rarely educated
• Household dutiesbaking, weaving, etc.
• Private tutors educated wealthy boys
• Agora was location for much education
• Boys entered school at 7, graduate at 18

74
Athenian Education

• Main textbooks were Iliad and Odyssey
• Knew them by heart
• Arithmetic, drawing, geometry, art, music

75
Discussion Sparta vs Athens

• Sparta represented
• The military
• Monarchy
• Severe, simple style of living
• Athens represented
• The arts
• Democracy
• Which values do you appreciate most? Given the
  times, which values would provide for more
  security, foreign and domestic, for the given
  city-states.

76
Chapter 4, section 4War, Glory, and Decline

• The Persian Wars
• The Golden Age of Athens
• The Peloponnesian Wars

77
Objectives and Vocabulary

• How did the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars effect
  democracy in the Greek City States
• Terms
• - Symposium A meeting and social session
  about politics and other affairs.
• - Mercenary Hired soldiers

78
People to Meet

• Darius I
• Xerxes
• Themistocles
• Leonidas
• Pericles
• Aspasia

79
Places to Locate

• Ionia
• Marathon
• Thermopylae
• Salamis
• Delos

80
The Persian Wars

• In 546 B.C., Persia, led by Cyrus II, conquered
  the Greek city-states in Ionia
• Ionians disliked them
• Considered them to be barbarians
• Ionians revolted against the Persians
• Athens and others helped, but Darius and his
  Persians defeated them
• Darius decided to punish the Greeks

81
Marathon

• Darius sent his fleet directly across the Aegean
  Sea north of Athens.
• The Athenians were outnumbered 20,000 to 10,000.
• The Persians decided to pack up and attack Athens
  directly, but at the moment of loading their
  ships back up, the Athenians attacked.
• As the Persian army was standing in knee deep
  water waiting to board the ships, the Athenians
  attacked downhill and it was a routPersians lost
  6,400 men Athenians lost 192 men.

82
Salamis

• The Persians returned 10 years later and leading
  the army was Xerxes, son of Darius with 200,000
  soldiers. Off shore supply ships accompanied
  them.
• The Greeks faced the Persians again, this time
  under Spartan leadership
• The Oracle at Delphi, a few years earlier, had
  said Greece would be shielded by a wooden wall
• Athenian general Themistocles believed that meant
  ships

83
Salamis

• To challenge the Persians at sea, a delaying
  action had to be established
• The Greek army set up a delaying action on land,
  led by King Leonidas of Sparta knowing that a
  traitor had showed the Persians a way to attack
  the Greeks and realizing that he would soon be
  surrounded, Leonidas neverthelsss stayed to face
  his death.
• The Athenians, led by Leonidas, held off the
  Persians for three days with his 7,000 Athenian
  soldiers.
• Leonidas sent most of the soldiers to escape to
  fight another day but put in a delaying action
  using 300 Spartans

84
ThermopylaeThe Mountain Pass

• The site where King Leonidas chose to make his
  stand.
• The pass was narrow allowing the Greeks to have
  the advantage against the large force of the
  Persians.
• King Leonidas chose to fight to the deathas
  their polis law called for

85
ThemistoclesThe Battle Near the Island of Salamis

• The delaying action by King Leonidas allowed
  another spartan general, Themistocles, to defeat
  the Persians in the Salamis Strait.
• He destroyed almost the entire Persian fleet near
  the island of Salamis.
• Themistocles judged his faster, smaller ships
  could defeat the Persians in the narrow Strait of
  Salamis
• After the battle of the Island of Salamis, the
  Persians returned to Asia Minor for good, and
  Athens emerged a powerful and self-confident
  city-state.

86
The Golden Age of Athens

• The period 461 B.C. to 429 B.C. was the period
  most of the Greek achievements in the arts and
  sciences took place in Athens during this time.
• The Athenian general Pericles rebuilt Athens into
  the most beautiful city in Greece its most
  famous structure, the Parthenon, still stands.

87
Athenian Daily Life

• Athenian men usually worked in the morning as
  farmers, artisans, and merchants, before
  attending the Assembly or exercising in the
  gymnasium slaves generally did the heavy work in
  craft production and mining, while women worked
  at home or in the market.
• Athenians kept their homes simple but their
  public buildings were very lavish.

88
Athenian Daily Life

• Athenian house contained two main rooms with
  several smaller ones around a central courtyard.
• The dining room for entertaining and frequently
  had couches. Athenian wives would not join their
  husbands unless there were no guests.

89
Work for the Men and Women

• Usually worked in the morning then went to the
  gymnasium in the afternoon.
• Slaves did the heavy workone third of the
  population.
• Women spent making time at home, cooking and
  making wool cloth.
• Upper class Athenian men spent time in the
  symposiumbasically a drinking session followed
  by a banquet. Women were not allowed. The
  discussed literature, philosophy, and public
  issues.

90
Aspasia

• As some freedom became allowed for some classes
  of women, she invited women into her home and
  gave them advice on home, education, and how to
  gain more freedom.
• Her recommendations to women for more
  responsibility in society led to charges against
  her
• She was charged with impiety (disloyalty to the
  gods) but was acquitted.

91
The Peloponnesian War

• With the ongoing threat of the Persians, Athens
  formed the Delian league of city-states for
  protectionSparta would not participate.
• The treasury was kept on the sacred island of
  Delos.
• The League freed the Ionians from Persian rule,
  cleared the seas of pirates, and fostered
  (promoted and helped) trade.

92
The Athenian Empire

• Athens transformed the Delian League into an
  Athenian empire.
• Athens began to dominate other city-states
• The empire required the use of the same coins and
  made other changes that were for all city-states
  to adopt

93
The Conflict

• The Peloponnesian War lasted from 431 B.C. to 404
  B.C.
• Sparta formed an alliance against Athens.
• They didnt have a navy but used money the
  Persians gave them for giving Ionia back to the
  Persians to buy ships and prep for war.
• The Spartan-led alliance eventually destroyed the
  Athenian fleet and laid siege to Athens itself.
  The Athenians surrendered in 404 B.C.

94
The Conflict

• Athens developed many problems
• A diseaseprobably typhus--killed a third of its
  population
• Pericles died from the disease
• Athens couldnt come to a decision about making
  peace with Sparta
• Athenian allies switched sides and joined the
  Spartans

95
Effects of the War

• The Peloponnesian War brought disaster to the
  Greek city-states, both victors and vanquished
• Populations declined, much land was destroyed,
  and unemployment caused many men to become hired
  soldiers in the Persian army
• The Greeks also lost faith in democracy.
• The length of the war caused people to think only
  of making money.

96
Effects of the War

• Feelings between aristocrats and commoners became
  more strained. People began to look down on free
  political discussion.
• Rulers came and went. City-states were unable to
  join together for ultimate power. Then came the
  Macedoniansand someone called Alexander the Great