Developing The Periodic Table

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Chapter 6

• Developing The Periodic Table

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Each element has its own symbol that begins with
a capital letter. Any other letters in the
symbol are lower case.
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Latin Names
Element Symbol Latin Name
Sodium Na Natrium
Copper Cu Cuprum
Gold Au Aurum
Iron Fe Ferrum
Silver Ag Argentum
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Lead (Pb)The Metal That Destroyed Rome

• According to some toxicologists Lead poisoning
  contributed to the fall of Rome,

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Lead (Pb) Z 82

• Plumbum (Pb)

• Plumber

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The Lost Franklin Expedition
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Its New, Its Canned, Its Poisoned
This old tin can was full of potatoes and was
part of the food supply on Sir John Franklin's
ships. Many of these tin cans, discarded by the
sailors, have been found on Beechey Island. In
those days, cans were just starting to be used as
a means of preserving food. People did not
understand that the lead from the solder seam
would give a person lead poisoning and could kill
them. It is believed that many of the men of the
Franklin Expedition died in this way.
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Mendeleev

• In 1869, Dmitri Mendeléev created the first
  version of the periodic table.
• He arranged the elements in order of increasing
  atomic mass and grouped them by similarity of
  properties.
• This allowed him to predict the properties of new
  elements.

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o
o
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Henry Moseley

• Developed method of measuring the atomic number
  of elements.

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o
o
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Henry Moseley

• Developed method of measuring the atomic number
  of elements.
• The Modern Periodic Table is organized by
  increasing atomic number.
• Predicted the existence of elements 43, 61, 72,
  and 75.

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Gallipoli
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Moseley

• At the age of 27, having volunteered to serve in
  the British Army in WWI, Moseley was killed by a
  sniper.
• When WWI started, he volunteered for active duty
  and became an officer in the signal corps. At the
  time of his death, he was the most promising
  physicist of his time. Even a newspaper in
  Germany (the enemy of Britain in the war) printed
  the headline Ein schwerer Verlust (A heavy
  lossfor science) when he died in Gallipoli.
• It is speculated that because of Moseley's death
  in the War that the British and other world
  governments began a policy of no longer allowing
  their scientists to enlist for combat.
• Many speculated that he should have won the Nobel
  Prize, but was unable to because it is only
  awarded to the living.

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Moseley

• At the age of 27, having volunteered to serve in
  the British Army in WWI, Moseley was killed by a
  sniper at Gallipoli.
• When WWI started, he volunteered for active duty.
  At the time of his death, he was the most
  promising physicist of his time.

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Ein schwerer Verlust

• A heavy loss

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Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids

• The periodic table can be used to determine the
  metallic/nonmetallic nature of an element.

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Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids
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Groups and Periods

• The vertical columns in the periodic table are
  called groups.
• Rows in the periodic table are termed periods.
• Elements with similar properties within the
  periodic table are grouped into a family.

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Families on the Periodic Table

• Columns in the periodic table can be grouped into
  families.
• Families may be one column, or several columns
  put together.
• Families have names rather than numbers. (Just
  like your family has a common last name.)

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The Element Song

• Play once for students.
• Embedded on next slide.

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The Element Song
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Alkali Metals
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Alkali Metals

• 1st column on the periodic table (Group 1) not
  including hydrogen.
• Most reactive family of metals, always combined
  with something else in nature (table salt).
• Low density metals (Li, Na and K are less dense
  than water).
• that are soft enough to cut with a knife.

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Alkaline Earth Metals
Ca
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Alkaline Earth Metals

• Second column on the periodic table. (Group 2)
• Second most reactive family of metals, always
  combined with nonmetals in nature.
• All of the alkaline earth metals are found in
  compound form within the earth's crust.
• Several of these elements are important mineral
  nutrients (such as Mg and Ca).

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Calcium and Magnesium Two Important Minerals
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Magnesium Calcium are essential minerals for
your health

• Calcium Found primarily in dairy foods such as
  milk, cheese and yogurt. Your bones eagerly
  absorb and store calcium necessary for your
  body's growth and maintenance until you reach
  your mid 20's. After that, your body rapidly uses
  up the calcium to help keep your bones strong.
  Failure to get enough calcium can lead to
  osteoporosis (holes in the bones), brittle and
  easily breakable bones, and tooth loss.
• Magnesium Magnesium is one of the most important
  minerals your body needs, and fortunately, it can
  be found in many of the foods we eat, including
  many fruits, vegetables and dairy products.
  Failure to get enough magnesium can lead to
  muscle soreness, heart and blood pressure
  problems, as well as nervous disorders.

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Magnesium Keeps the Doctor at Bay
By W. Gifford-Jones, M.D. Special to The Epoch Times Apr 24, 2006
                                              
                                             Recen
tly, a healthy 18-year-old basketball player and
health-conscious jogger died suddenly. The
initial diagnosis was death from coronary artery
disease due to high blood cholesterol. But the
cause of death eventually proved to be magnesium
deficiency.
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Transition Metals

• Elements in groups 3-12
• Less reactive harder metals
• Includes metals used in jewelry and construction.
• Metals used as metal.

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Less reactive but can still react
Iron (Fe) Rust (Fe2O3)
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Oxygen Family or Chalcogens
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Oxygen Family or Chalcogens

• Elements in group 16
• Oxygen is the most abundant element on earth and
  its ability to react with almost anything is
  what drives the process of life.
• Sulfur and compounds containing it smell horrible
  (rotten eggs, garlic, skunks, etc.).
• That is why many traditions fill their hell with
  sulfur. The historical name of sulfur is
  brimstone.

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Halogens

• Elements in group 17
• Most reactive of the nonmetals.
• Always found combined with other elements in
  nature.
• Have a strong unpleasant odor and are poisonous
  (have been used as chemical weapons).
• In low doses can be used as disinfectants
  (chlorine in drinking water and in pools).

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The Noble Gases

• Elements in group 18
• All are gases.
• Have a full outer energy level.
• VERY non-reactive. They are noble (they dont
  mix with the riff-raff).
• Are used to surround materials that we want to
  prevent from reacting.

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The Octet Rule

• The octet rule states that an atom's outer energy
  level is full and most stable when it contains
  eight electrons.
• This stability is the reason that the noble gases
  are so non-reactive.
• All noble gases other than helium follow the
  octet rule.

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Exception to the Octet RuleThe Duet Rule

• The first energy level can only hold two
  electrons.
• Elements such as Hydrogen and Helium that only
  have one energy level follow a duet rule.
• The duet rule states that two electrons will
  stabilize an atom with only one energy level.

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Rare Earth Elements

• The thirty rare earth elements are composed of
  the lanthanide and actinide series.
• The rare earth elements are metals and many are
  not truly rare. It was only hard to isolate them
  until recently .
• Uranium (element 92) is the last of the naturally
  occurring elements.
• Elements beyond uranium are synthetic
  (man-made). Synthetic elements only occur on
  Earth as the product of atomic bombs or
  experiments that involve nuclear reactors or
  particle accelerators.

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Homework

• Chapter 6 Worksheet 1