The Language of the Green Industries

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The Language of the Green Industries

• Category E Turf and Ornamentals
• Pesticide Applicator Training Manual Chapter 1

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Introduction

• In order to communicate with other professionals
  you need to understand
• Plant structure.
• How plants grow.
• Plant nomenclature and classification.

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Terms

• Angiospermplant that produces seeds within the
  pistil (ovary).
• Corma type of a bulb that develops from a
  swollen base of a main stem e.g. gladiolus and
  crocus.
• Fruitthe mature or ripened ovary and ovules of
  an angiosperm.
• Gymnosperma plant that produces seeds in open
  scales, usually in cones, such as pine, fir, and
  spruce.
• Herbaceous plantsany annual or perennial plant
  with a non-woody stem that dies back to the roots
  in winter.
• Hybrida plant produced by controlled
  cross-fertilization of two related angiosperms.

Category E--- Chapter 1 The Language of the
Green Industries
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Terms

• Organa unique combination or arrangement of
  plant tissues that performs a major function in a
  plant.
• Organellea structure within an individual plant
  cell that performs a major function within the
  cell.
• Pollinationthe sexual propagation of a plant,
  resulting when pollen (sperm) enters the pistil
  (ovary) of a flower.
• Rhizomean underground stem that spreads to
  produce new above ground shoots.
• Woody plantsplants whose basic stem structures
  are perennial with annual growth rings visible in
  cross section of the stem.

Category E--- Chapter 1 The Language of the
Green Industries
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Terms

• Translocationthe movement of water and nutrients
  through the organs of a plant.
• Microclimatea small area with a climate
  distinctly different from the surrounding
  climate, caused by slight differences in
  exposure, elevation, slope, shade, or even soil
  mulch.

Category E--- Chapter 1 The Language of the
Green Industries
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The Parts of a Plant The Cells

• The cell is the building block for plants.
• Structures within cells that perform a major
  function are organelles.

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The Parts of a Plant The Cells

• Tissuesgroups of cells related by structure or
  function.
• Tissues form organs
• Roots
• Stem
• Leaves
• Reproductive structures

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The Parts of a Plant The Stem

• Nodesthe leaf attachment points on the stem.
• Internodethe portion of stem between two leaves.

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The Parts of a Plant The Meristems

• Meristemscells that retain the ability for rapid
  cell division (growth).
• Areas of the plant that contain meristems
• Root apex
• Terminal and lateral shoots
• Vascular cambium
• Leaf margins
• Apical meristemthe growing tip at the end of the
  stem.

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The Parts of a Plant The Vascular Cambium

• Vascular cambiumdivides and is responsible for
  the increase in caliper (girth). Is a secondary
  meristem.
• The vascular cambium produces the tissues which
  become
• Xylemconducts water and nutrients, the dead
  inner layers of xylem are sapwood.
• Phloemtranslocates carbohydrates produced in the
  leaves and other mobile inorganic nutrients.

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The Parts of a Plant The Cork Cambium

• Cork cambiumspongy, cells outside the secondary
  phloem containing suberin, a water repellant
  substance.

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The Parts of a PlantThe Leaves
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The Parts of a PlantLeaf Arrangements

• A simple leaf consists of a blade, a petiole, and
  stipules.

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The Parts of a PlantLeaf Arrangements

• A compound leaf consists of 2 or more leaflets.

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The Parts of a PlantCompound Leaf Veination
Pinnate

• Palmate

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The Parts of a PlantRoots

• The roots anchor the plant to the ground and
  absorb nutrients and water from the soil.

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The Parts of a PlantRoot Systems
Taproot---one main root from which branch roots
extend
Fibrous roots---many branching roots
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The Parts of a PlantFlowers

• Typical flower parts
• Receptacle
• Sepals (collectively calyx)
• Petals (collectively corolla)
• Stamen
• Pistil

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The Parts of a PlantFlowers

• Flowers that contain both stamens and pistils are
  said to be perfect or complete.
• Species that have incomplete flowers on different
  parts of the same plant are monoecious.
• Species that male and female parts on different
  plants are dioecious.

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The Parts of a PlantFruit and Seeds

• In botany fruit means a ripened ovary.
• Seed consists of
• Seed coat
• An dormant embryo
• Stored food (usually)
• Food is stored in the cotyledon/s/ and in
  endosperm.
• Monocots (monocotyledonous) seeds that have 1
  seed leaf (cotyledon) e.g. grass.
• Dicots (dicotyledonous) seeds that have 2 seed
  leaves.

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The Parts of a PlantFruit and Seeds

• Monocots (monocotyledonous) seeds that have 1
  seed leaf (cotyledon) e.g. grass.
• Dicots (dicotyledonous) seeds that have 2 seed
  leaves.

Example of seed leaves on a tomato
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How Plants GrowSeed Germination and Cuttings

• Propagationthe reproduction of plants by sexual
  or asexual means.
• Sexual reproduction by seeds
• Germinationbegins when specific light,
  temperature, moisture, and pre-germination
  requirements are met. Seeds begin to take up
  moisture.
• Germination is complete when the embryonic root
  (radical) and the primary shoot are visible.
• Asexual (vegetative) reproduction from cuttings
• Cuttingsportions of root, stem, or leaf tissue
  used for asexual reproduction (vegetative).
• Shoots arising from root, stem, or leaf portions
  are called adventitious because they arise from
  an unexpected location.

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How Plants GrowPhotosynthesis

• Photosynthesisthe conversion of light to energy.
• Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts the
  organelles that contain chlorophyll.
• Pigments in the chloroplast
• Chlorophyll A captures light (antennae
  chlorophyll) and converts light to chemical
  energy (photosensitive chlorophyll).
• Chlorophyll B helps capture light for
  Chlorophyll A does not convert light.
• Carotenes help capture light and protect light
  destruction of chlorophyll.

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How Plants GrowPhotosynthesis and Respiration

• Photosynthatethe products of photosynthesis,
  primarily glucose.
• Glucose can be converted to starch in the
  chloroplast or it may be transformed into
  sucrose.
• Sucrose is the major sugar translocated via the
  phloem.
• Aerobic respiration
• All cells continuously convert glucose, sucrose
  or starch into energy needed to maintain the
  plants metabolism and growth
• The process is aerobic because oxygen is
  consumed.
• Carbon dioxide and water are produced in this
  process.

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How Plants GrowCell Growth

• Cell divisionmitosis increases the numbers of
  cells in meristems (shoots, roots, buds, leaf
  margins).
• Cell enlargementnew cell growth increases length
  (elongation) or girth.
• Cell differentiationnew cells change structure
  or function to produce organelles e.g.
  chloroplasts or xylem.

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How Plants GrowPlant Growth Hormones

• Plant growth hormonesregulate and control plant
  growth. They are effective in very small
  concentration and are translocated from the site
  of production to where they are used.
• 5 groups of plant hormones
• Auxins are responsible for apical dominance, when
  the apical meristem is removed lateral buds will
  begin active growth.
• Gibberellins promote cell enlargement, can
  stimulate seed germination for some species.

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How Plants GrowPlant Growth Hormones

• 5 groups of plant hormones
• Cytokinins are translocated from rootspromote
  cell division, help regulate stomatal closure,
  and may prevent senescence (aging) in some plant
  parts.
• Ethylene inhibits, is naturally produced by
  ripening fruits. Synthetic ethylenes are
  available.
• Abscisic acid inhibits growth, keeps seeds
  dormant.

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How Plants GrowEnvironmental Factors

• Plant growth can controlled (to a degree) by
  modifying light, water, temperature and
  nutrients.
• The 3 essential nutrients to plant growth
• Nitrogenis responsible for vigorous growth and
  dark green color. The 2 forms of nitrogen for
  plant uptake are nitrate and ammonium.
• Phosphorousis important for root growth,
  flowering, and plant vigor.
• Potassiumis important for protein production
  (synthesis), metabolic functions, water
  relations.
• Perform soil tests to determine actual fertilizer
  needs.

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Plant Nomenclature and Classification

• System of nomenclature was developed in the
  1700s by Carl Linneaus.
• A specific plant can have only one scientific
  name.
• Latin binomial (two part) scientific names
• Genus (capitalized) and
• species (not capitalized).
• The system also includes categories with the
  species
• variety (abbreviated var.)
• subspecies (abbreviated ssp.)
• Cultivar (abbreviated cv.) derived from
  cultivated variety.
• Hybrids are genetic crosses of 2 or more species.
  In most cases hybrids are shown as genus X
  cultivar.

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Plant Nomenclature and Classification Examples

• Genus Species
  Common Name
• Viburnum trilobum
  American Highbush Cranberry
• Genus Species Botanical variety
  Common Name
• Clematis dioscoreifolia var. robusta
  Sweet Autumn Clematis
• Genus Species Cultivar
  Common Name
• Acer rubrum Northwood
  Northwood Red Maple
• Genus Species Cultivar
  Common Name
• Malus X Radiant
  Radiant Flowering Crabapple

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Plant Nomenclature Legal Protection to Plant
Breeders

• Contractsproducers produce and sell a cultivar
  under the contract name and pay royalties.
• Patentslegal monopolies (17 years) that prohibit
  propagation or sale unless royalties are paid to
  the breeder.
• Trademarksproducers/seller must pay a royalty to
  use the trademark. Trademarks do not expire.

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Plant ClassificationLife Cycles and Growth Habits

• Annuals complete their lifecycle in 1 year.
• Biennials produce vegetative growth the 1st year
  and bloom the 2nd year.

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Plant ClassificationLife Cycles and Growth Habits

• Perennials live more than 2 years
• Woody perennials have persistent stems
• Herbaceous perennials die back to the ground
• Growth habithow a plant tends to grow
• Groundcovers present horizontal effect
• Shrubsmore than 1 stem and height less than 20
  feet
• Treesusually a single stem and height more than
  20 feet.