Behavior Change as

1
ABA gets little respect Though it has had a major
effect. You would think Skinner Had turned out a
winner, Instead of a functional reject.
2
Token Economies

• Behaviors to be reinforced are identified and
  defined.
• A medium of exchange is selected. A medium of
  exchange refers to some symbol or token that a
  student received after successfully completing
  the target behavior.
• Back-up reinforcers are provided that can be
  purchased with the tokens.

3
Reasons for the Effectiveness of Token Economies

• The time gap is bridged between behavior and
  back-up reinforcer.
• The amount of reinforcement is immediately
  obvious to students.
• Tokens are unaffected by the mood of the praiser
• Tokens make use of generalized conditioned
  reinforcers.
• Tokens provide stimuli that control teacher
  behavior.

4
(No Transcript)
5
Rules for Establishing a Token Economy

• Select target behaviors.
• Develop rules.
• Select an appropriate token.
• Establish reinforcers for which tokens can be
  exchanged.
• Establish a ratio of exchange.
• Develop a reward menu and post it in the
  classroom.
• Designate a time when children can exchange
  tokens.
• Implement the token economy.
• Provide immediate token reinforcement for target
  behaviors.
• Gradually change from a continuous to variable
  schedule.
• Provide a time to exchange tokens for back-up
  reinforcers.
• Revise the menu frequently.

6
A behavioral contract is a written document
specifying who is involved, what behaviors are
targeted, when and where the behaviors are to be
performed, and how much reinforcement a student
will receive.
7
Reasons Why Contracts Work

• Contracts involve rule-governed behavior.
• Contracts are public documents.
• Students are equal participants.
• Behavior of all participants is clearly
  specified.

8
Components of a Contract
Task Who, What, When, How Well Reward Who,
What, When, How Much Task Record Sets the
occasion to look at and be reminded of the
contract. Helps student remain on task
until the task is completed and the
reward earned.
9
Guidelines for Successful Contracting

• Rule 1 Contracts must be fair.
• Rule 2 Contracts must be clear.
• Rule 3 Contracts must be honest.

10
A group-oriented contingency is one in which the
presentation, or loss, of a reinforcer is
contingent upon the behavior of an individual
within the group, a segment of the group, or the
group as a whole.
11
Types of Group-Oriented Contingencies
Dependent Group-Oriented Contingencies Independent
Group-Oriented Contingencies Interdependent
Group-Oriented Contingencies
12
Good Behavior Game
3 Points - 1 Point eyes on
teacher talking feet on floor throwing raise
hand out of seat
13
Advantages of Using Group-Oriented Contingencies

• Saves time and reduced workload
• Useful in situations where individual
  contingencies are impractical
• Resolve a problem quickly
• Capitalize on peer influence
• Facilitate positive social interaction

14
Ethical Considerations

• Harmful peer pressure on students who fail to
  improve
• Announcing the offender publicly
• Misleading improvement of the group
• Students unable to complete the specified
  behaviors
• Students who enjoy sabotaging the contingency

15
Novel Applications of Positive Reinforcement
16
Chart Moves
17
Chart Moves
Lunch with Teacher
Move Desk
Help Librarian
Listen to Music
A Comic Book
First in Line
Jims Tower
Lisas Tower
18
Spinners
19
100 Square Chart
20
Compliance Matrix
2
4
1
3
1
2
3
5
6
8
7
4
5
6
10
9
12
11
7
8
9
16
15
13
14
5
3
1
7
6
4
2
9
8