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THE GREAT WAR 1914-1918

• The War to End all Wars

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World War I The Great War
Congress of Vienna
World War I
1850
1815
1914

Industrialization
Nationalism
Unification of New Nations Germany Italy
Imperialism
Militarism
International Anarchy
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Europe 1900
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Europe 1914
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Underlying Causes of World War I
Nationalism

• Unification of new nations caused a shift in the
  balance of power
• National rivalries led to expansionist policies.
• Intense patriotism fanned the flames for war.
• Balkan States wanted independence from the
  Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires

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Underlying Causes of World War I
Imperialism

• European countries fought over territory in
  Africa and Asia
• Russia and Austria became rivals in the Balkans.
• The U.S. became involved with the annexation of
  Hawaii and the Spanish-American War

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Underlying Causes of World War I
Militarism

• Most European countries began drafts
• Germany began building a navy to rival Britain.
  Britain increased its navy to stay ahead
• Other nations joined in the arms race to keep
  from falling too far behind
• Industrialization encouraged the development and
  mass production of new weapons. Countries wanted
  to show them off.

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Underlying Causes of World War I
System of Alliances
Dual Alliance (1879) - Defensive alliance
between Germany and Austria-Hungary Triple
Alliance (1882) - Italy joins the Dual Alliance
because of anger toward France Franco-Russian
Alliance (1894) - Russia and Germany break
relations. France joined Russia in an alliance
Triple Entente (1907) - After settling
territorial disputes, Britain joined France and
Russia
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European Alliances Prior to WWI
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Underlying Causes of World War I
International Anarchy

• Newspapers caused resentment and encouraged
  violent acts of protest
• No strong international organizations existed to
  settle national disputes
• Political Assassinations destroyed stability
• 1881 - Alexander II of Russia killed by bomb
• 1898 - Empress Elizabeth of stabbed to death
• 1901 - US President William McKinley assassinated
  by anarchist

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Immediate Cause of World War I
Assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis
Ferdinand and his wife

• On June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austrian throne
  Francis Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated
  by a young Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo.
• The assassination sparked a chain reaction which
  would plunge Europe and other nations into the
  worlds first global war.

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Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Sarajevo
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The Road to War

• July 26, 1914 - Austria gets a guarantee of
  support from Germany and issues an ultimatum to
  Serbia. Its demands that Serbia
• Stop all anti-Austrian propaganda
• Dismiss all anti-Austrian government officials
• Allow Austria into Serbia to investigate the
  assassination
• July 27, 1914 - Serbia receives a promise of
  support from Russia and rejects the
  ultimatum
• July 28, 1914 - Austria declares war on Serbia

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The Road to War
July 28 - Austria Declares War on Serbia
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The Road to War
August 1, 1914 - Russia begins to mobilize along
German border. Germany declares war on
Russia August 3, 1914 - Germany declares war on
France. They begin marching through neutral
Belgium toward France. France declares war on
Germany. August 4, 1914 - Great Britain, which
had pledged to protect Belgiums neutrality,
declares war on Germany.
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The Road to War
Aug 4 - Great Britain declares war on Germany
Aug 1 -Germany Declares War on Russia
Aug 1 - Russia Mobilizes Along German Border
Aug 3 - Germany declares War on France and
marches through neutral Belgium toward France
Aug 3 France declares war on Germany
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The Road to War
August 14, 1914 - China declares war on
Germany August 24, 1914 - Japan declares war on
Germany November 1, 1914 - Russia declares war on
the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans join Germany and
Austria. Bulgaria later joins. They become known
as the Central Powers. April 26, 1915 - Italy
joins Great Britain, France, Russia, Belgium, and
over 30 other countries. They become known as the
Allied Powers.
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• Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Bulgaria
• Turkey (Ottoman Empire)
• Allied Powers
• Great Britain
• France
• Italy
• Russia
• Japan
• United States (1917) over 30 other countries

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European Alliances in WW I
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Europe Prepares for War
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Europe Prepares for War
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Europe Prepares for War
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Europe Prepares for War
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Europe Prepares for War
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Europe Prepares for War
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Europe Prepares for War
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THE GREAT WAR Early German Strategy
The Schlieffen Plan

• Lure France into attacking Alsace and Lorraine on
  the French/German border with minimal German
  troops defending.
• Send overwhelming force through Belgium and
  capture Paris
• Sweep back to the east entrapping French forces
  in a vice between two German armies
• Defeat France then move troops to the Eastern
  Front to fight Russia.

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The Schlieffen Plan Germanys Plan for a Two
Front War
Paris
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The Schlieffen Plan Germanys Plan for a Two
Front War
Paris
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The Schlieffen Plan Germanys Plan for a Two
Front War
Paris
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The Schlieffen Plan Germanys Plan for a Two
Front War
Paris
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The Schlieffen Plan Germanys Plan for a Two
Front War
Paris
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Why the Schlieffen Plan Failed
Paris
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Why the Schlieffen Plan Failed
Paris
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Why the Schlieffen Plan Failed
Battle of the Marne
Paris
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The war becomes stalemated after the Battle of
the Marne and both sides begin to dig in.
Trenches stretched for 300 miles from Switzerland
to the English Channel. Trench warfare results
because of technological advances in weapons.
Trenches
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TECHNOLOGY WAR

• Technology turned WWI into an Industrial War.
• New weapons changed the tactics of warfare and
  led to a stalemated war of attrition.

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TECHNOLOGY WAR
Machine guns - led to trench warfare and a
stalemated war.
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TECHNOLOGY WAR

• Poison Gas - First used by Germany in 1915
  despite treaties outlawing it. Suffocated and
  blinded victims.

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TECHNOLOGY WAR

• Tanks - Developed by British in 1916.
  Eventually helped break the stalemate.

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TECHNOLOGY WAR

• Airplanes - First used for reconnaissance and
  later for primitive bombing.

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No Mans Land
Over the Top
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Trench Warfare in WWI
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Trench Warfare in WWI
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Trench Warfare in WWI
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Death in the Trenches
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TECHNOLOGY WAR

• Submarines (U-Boats) - Unrestricted Submarine
  Warfare led to American entry in 1917.

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German Notice Placed in American Newspapers in
April 1915
IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY,Washington, D.C. 22nd
April 1915 NOTICE! TRAVELLERS intending to
embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a
state of war exists between Germany and her
allies and Great Britain and her allies that the
zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the
British Isles that, in accordance with formal
notice given by the Imperial German Government,
vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any
of her allies, are liable to destruction in those
waters and that travelers sailing in the war zone
on the ships of Great Britain or her allies do so
at their own risk.
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Sinking of the Lusitania May 7, 1915
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Sinking of the Lusitania May 7, 1915

• 1959 People on Board.
• Sank 8 Miles of the Irish Coast.
• 1198 Men, Women, and Children died including over
  200 Americans.
• Turned Public Opinion against Germany.
• Instrumental in bringing America into the war in
  1917.

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Sinking of the Lusitania May 7, 1915
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American Entry Into the War
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Major Battles of World War I
Battle of Jutland May 1916
Battle of Tannenberg August 1914
Battle of the Somme July 1916
Galipoli Campaign February 1915
Battle of Verdun February 1916
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American Entry Into the War
The Zimmerman Telegram
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American Entry Into the War
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American Entry Into the War
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American Entry Into the War
The United States Declares War against Germany on
April 1, 1917
President Woodrow Wilson asks Congress for a
Declaration of War April 1, 1917
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American Counter Offensive August - November
1918 Battle of San Mihiel/Argonne Forest
Paris
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American Counter Offensive August - November
1918 Battle of San Mihiel/Argonne Forest
Paris
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American Counter Offensive August - November
1918 Battle of San Mihiel/Argonne Forest
Paris
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American Counter Offensive August - November
1918 Battle of San Mihiel/Argonne Forest
Paris
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American Counter Offensive August - November
1918 Battle of San Mihiel/Argonne Forest
Paris
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Armistice November 11, 1918
Paris
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Armistice!
November 11, 1918 - 1100 AM
The Eleventh Hour of the Eleventh Day of the
Eleventh Month
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Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points

• Major Points
• Right to self-rule
• Right to free trade
• Free Access to the seas by all nations
• An international peace keeping body League of
  Nations

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The Treaty of Versailles
The Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles
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The Treaty of Versailles
The Big Four George Clemenceau France David
Lloyd George Great Britain Vittorio Emanule
Orlando Italy Woodrow Wilson United States
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The Treaty of Versailles

• What Resulted?
• Wilson wanted all countries to share equally in
  peace Peace without Victory
• The other countries wanted revenge on Germany
• Germany was required to accept all blame for the
  war.
• Required to pay 33 Billion in reparations to the
  Allies.
• Germany was forced to disarm its military.
• A demilitarized zone (the Rhineland) set up
  between Germany and France.
• Redraw the map of Europe from land of Central
  Powers.
• The seeds of future war were sewn with the harsh
  terms of the treaty and the humiliation of
  Germany.

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