THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

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THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

• Do Now What might cause people to explore?

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Earlier Explorations

• Islam the Spice Trade ? Silk Road
• New Player ? Europe
• Nicolo, Maffeo, Marco Polo, 1271
• Expansion becomes a state enterprise ? monarchs
  had the authority the resources.
• Better seaworthy ships.

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Motives for European Exploration

1. Crusades ? by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance ? curiosity about other lands and
   peoples.
3. Reformation ? refugees missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.

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The Age of Exploration

• Setting the Stage
• Europeans had been exploring via the Crusades and
  with people like Marco Polo
• For the most part, Europeans had no interest or
  ability to explore foreign lands
• By 1400s, a desire for wealth coupled with
  advanced sailing techniques sparked exploration.

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THE THREE GS of Exploration

• GOLD
• GLORY
• GOD

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A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
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New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps Portulan
Hartman Astrolabe(1532)
Mariners Compass
Sextant
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New Weapons and Technology
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Portugal
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The Age of Exploration

• Portugal Leads the Way
• Portugal led the way in sailing innovations
• First country to establish trading outposts on
  west coast of Africa
• Prince Henry, son of the king, was Portugals
  most enthusiastic exploration explorer
• Prince Henry wanted to reach treasures of the
  east and spread Christianity

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The Age of Exploration

• Portugal Leads the Way
• Vasco da Gama sailed to the eastern side of
  Africa and reached SW India
• da Gama and crew were astonished by spices,
  silks, and gems found in India
• da Gamas remarkable 27,000 mile journey was
  worth 60 times the cost of the trip and provided
  Portugal with a direct sea route to India

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Vasco da Gamas Route
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Christopher Columbus 1451-1506

• Made 4 voyages - 1st in 1492
• Sailor and explorer, not a good navigator and
  administrator
• Spanish know how much new land is available there
  
• Believed he was sailing around the islands of
  Asia

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Columbus Four Voyages
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First Contact with Native Americans

• Columbus makes contact with the Taino people
• Initially it isnt a bad relationship
• 16th century - arrived in large numbers for
  conquest
• Settle in Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico
• Cuba will be jumping off point for expedition
• Subjugated Native Americans

How does Columbus view the Native People? What
was Columbus most concerned with? Explain how
this letter reflects Columbuss motives
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• The result The Treaty of Tordesilla of 1494
  Line that divided Spain and Portugals claims.
  Spain got land west of the line, which included
  most of the Americas, Portugal got lands to the
  east which included parts of modern-day Brazil

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Other Voyages of Exploration
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• Spanish soldiers
• Came to conquer!
• Accompanied by members of the Catholic Church to
  convert Native Americans

• Were Conquistadors motivated by Gold, Glory, or
  God? Explain your choice.

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Aztecs and Incas

• Spanish

• Aztecs

• 1510 - 1515 - Presence in the Caribbean firmly
  established
• Moved on to conquer Aztec and Inca Empires

• Dominated central Mexican plain
• Subjugated many of the peoples of the region
• Keep them for sacrifice
• Resentment of Aztec Power - Spain will use that
  to advantage

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The First Spanish ConquestsThe Aztecs
vs.
Hernando Cortes
Montezuma
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Cortes in Mexico

• 1519 - left Cuba with 550 men, 16 horses
• Landed on the gulf coast of Mexico and burned
  ships when he got there as a sign they would
  retreat
• Advantages Horses, Technology, Gunpowder and
  steel
• Spanish and Aztec relationship is peaceful at
  first

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Tenochtitlan

• Capital of the Aztec Empire
• Hernando Cortes finds it in 1520s
• Montezuma thinks Cortes is a God and gives him
  gold
• Cortes 500 soldiers Aztecs 150,000
  300,000 people.How did they lose?

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The Death of Montezuma
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Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
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GERMS!

• Europeans brought smallpox, tuberculosis and
  measles
• Unintentional
• Natives had no resistance
• Millions died
• 80 - 90 of the Native population

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The First Spanish Conquests
The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
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Pizarro and the Incas

• Left Mexico and traveled to Peru - 10 years after
  Aztec conquest
• Carried out similar conquest of Incas
• Arrived as civil War was happening so he will use
  that to help conquer them
• Pizarros advantages
• Local political rivalries, civil war
• Spanish technology
• Pizarro inserted himself into Inca Capital
• Abducted Inca Ruler
• Within 2 years - control much of the empire
• Conquests aided by
• Rivalries among the Native Americans
• Disease
• Spanish Weaponry
•  

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Spanish Pattern of Conquest

• Step 1 Live among the people
• Step 2 Impose upon them your culture
• Step 3 Marry their women
• Step 4 Force your religion on them
• Step 5 Make them work for you (Ecomienda)
• Ecomienda was eventually abolished by Spanish
  Government in 1542.

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Cycle of Conquest Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
OfficialEuropeanColony!
Missionaries
PermanentSettlers
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The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares (Spanish Born)
Creoles (White Person born in New World Spanish
Descent)
Mestizos (Mix of Spanish/Indian)
Mulattos (Mix of Spanish and Black)
Native Indians
Black Slaves
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European Empires in the Americas
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Portugal and Brazil

• Portuguese Activates
• 15th - 16th Centuries - Active in Spice Trade in
  Asia
• Established a presence in the Western Hemisphere
• 1500 Pedro Cabral discovered coast of Brazil
• Amerigo Vespucci is sent to map out Brazil  
• 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
• Separated Spanish and Portuguese rights
• Established sphere of influence in Brazil
• Americo Vespucci
• Laid groundwork for Portuguese exploration of
  Brazil

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Portuguese in Brazil

• Jesuits
• Engaged in missionary activity in interior of
  country
• Defended Brazilian interior against incursion
• Most of the Portuguese settlers stayed in the
  coast, didnt go into the island
• 17th Century - conflict between Jesuits and
  Portuguese settlers
• Agriculture
• Based near coast
• Brazilwood - Source of dye - Main export
• Plantations (Fazendas) - Cattle, sugar cane
• Resulted in the complex ethnic of make of Brazil
  (Portuguese, African, and NAtive American)

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Bartolome de las Casas First Defender of Native
Americans

• Rushed to see Columbus when he was 9 years old
• Conquistador
• Voyaged to Americas (Haiti and Dominican
  Republic)
• Managed slaves and trained to be a priest to
  convert Native Americans and earned wealth
• Change of Heart
• 1513 Cuban Massacre Saw Spanish massacre Native
  Americans that welcomed them
• Urged people to give up Indian Slaves and pay
  back money
• 1537 Pope wrote Native Americans are free
  humans
• 1542 Charles V banned Indian Slavery

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Impact of European Expansion

1. Native populations ravaged by disease.
2. Influx of gold
3. New products introduced across the continents
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.