Conflict with the Native Americans

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Conflict with the Native Americans
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• Angela Brown
• Chapter 6

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Trail of Tears

• In the 1830s President Jackson removed the Native
  Americans from the East to Oklahoma.
• Settlers believed they had a greater right to the
  land because they improved it by producing more
  food and wealth than did the Native Americans.

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Native Americans saw Settlers as invaders

• Some tried to initiate friendly contact
• Many signed treaties and sold land and moved to
  reservations realizing they were outnumbered.
• The agreements often fell through.
• Reservations federal lands set aside for Native
  Americans

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Different Views of Land Ownership

• Native Americans often did not realize the
  settlers would not let them continue to use the
  land.
• They did not understand that anyone could own the
  land.
• Violence broke out

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Navajo and Apache

• Navajo and Apache wars began in 1861
• They continued for 25 years until Geronimo
  surrendered in 1886.

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Geronimo

• Geronimo was the leader of the last American
  Indian fighting force formally to capitulate to
  the United States.
• Because he fought against such daunting odds and
  held out the longest, he became the most famous
  Apache of all.

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Cheyenne

• 1860s-1870s the were Cheyenne devastated
• 1864 Colonel Chivingtons massacre at Sand Creek,
  Colorado killed 450 men, women, and children
• The next year they moved to reservations.

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Sioux

• 1865 federal road through Sioux lands triggered
  ambush of 80 soldiers under Captain Fetterman
  near Fort Phil Kearny 1866.

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Battle of Little Big Horn

• Battle of Little Big Horn 1876 (a river in
  Montana)
• Lt. Colonel Custers calvary sent to round Sioux
  back to reservations.
• Custer and 200 American Soldiers were killed.
• This was the last Native American victory.

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f
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painted by the Lakota warrior Kicking Bear,
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Wounded Knee

• Massacre at Wounded Knee 1890 Soldiers opened
  fire killing more than 200 unarmed Sioux.
• Soldiers shot down 70 year old Chief.

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Nez Perce Chief Joseph

• 1871 Chief Joseph promise his father to never
  sell the land.
• After 5 years he is ordered by Gen. Howard to a
  reservation in Idaho.
• He is resigned to go.
• Nez Perce youth killed settlers accused of
  stealing horses.
• Now its war

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Speech of Chief JosephI will fight no more
forever.

• I am tired of fighting.  Our chiefs are killed. 
  Looking Glass is dead.  Toohulhulsote is dead. 
  The old men are all dead.  It is the young men
  who say yes or no. He who led the young men is
  dead.      It is cold and we have no blankets. 
  The little children are freezing to death.  My
  people, some of them, have run away to the hills
  and have no blankets, no food.  No one knows
  where they are--perhaps freezing to death.  I
  want to have time to look for my children and see
  how many I can find.  Maybe I shall find them
  among the dead.      Hear me, my chiefs.  I am
  tired.  My heart is sick and sad.  From where the
  sun now stands, I will fight no more forever.

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Escape ??
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• The Council thought they could escape.
• Soldiers followed, killed men, women, and
  children.
• The survivors tried to escape to Canada.
• The were caught 40 miles from Canadian border.

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• They were taken to reservation, heat and malaria
  killed most.
• All of Chief Josephs children died.
• In 1885 they were allowed to leave for a
  reservation in Washington State.

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http//www2.gsu.edu/eslmlm/chiefjoseph.html
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Native Culture Destroyed
Looking Glass

• 1870s great buffalo herds began to disappear.
• 1881 Helen Hunt Jackson wrote A Century of
  Dishonor about the Indian Rights Movement arose.
• In 1884 the government passed a law to stop
  Native Americans from practicing their religion.

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Dawes Act of 1887

• Gave plots of land to each Native American family
  headed by a male.
• Most couldnt farm land so sold to speculators.
• From 1887-1934 land ownership shrunk by 65.

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Indian Territory
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• 70 Indian nations forced into Indian territory.
• Squatters continued to move in
• 1889 Congress opened 2 million acres of Indian
  Territory to homesteaders

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http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Old_West

• Boomers- The name for settlers and homesteaders
• Sooners Snuck past government officials earlier
  to mark claims
• In the following years the remainder of Indian
  Territory was opened to settlers.