Unit 1: Cellular Biology The Chemistry of Life (Nutrients)

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Unit 1 Cellular BiologyThe Chemistry of
Life(Nutrients)
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Organic Compounds
Molecules which contain both carbon and hydrogen,
usually with a backbone of carbon.
Small subunits are joined together to make larger
molecules. (This is similar to bricks creating
a wall.) 
form
monomers ? polymers
(small molecules) (large molecules)
These large molecules are called macromolecules
or macronutrients. (e.g. carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, nucleic acids) 
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Nutrients
Nutrients are needed by all organisms for 1.
__________ and 2. ______________
energy
building blocks
There are two types of nutrients macronutrients
and micronutrients.
Macronutrients
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids (fats)
water
Micronutrients
vitamins
minerals
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.
Carbohydrates
C
H
O
1. Carbohydrates Contain the elements _____,
_____, _____ monomer _______________
diagram (building block)
function ______________
glucose ring or straight chain
energy
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Carbohydrates

• sugars and starches are the main source, come
  from plants, and provide energy for animals

There are 2 types of carbohydrates
Simple Sugars (monosaccharides disaccharides)
Complex Sugars (polysaccharides)
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Simple Sugars (Simple Carbohydrates)

• Monosaccharides glucose, fructose (fruits),
  galactose (milk)

• saccharide means sugar

• prefix mono means one ? monosaccharides are
  made of one sugar molecule

•   e.g. glucose
• straight chain ring form

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Simple Sugars (Simple Carbohydrates)

• Disaccharides maltose (beer, 2 glucose),
  lactose (milk, glucose galactose), sucrose
  (table sugar, glucose fructose)

• prefix di means two, disaccharides are made of
  two sugars

• single sugars combine to form double sugars

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.
Complex Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides

• prefix poly means many, polysaccharides have
  many sugars

Plants and animals cannot directly store glucose
in their cells because ___________________________
_______________. Plants change glucose into
________ and use it for energy storage while
animals store it as_________ in the liver.
Plants also contain ________, a structural
component of cell membranes. All carbohydrates
are digested (broken down) into
_________________________ before entering the
blood stream.
it is soluble would diffuse (flow away out of
cell)
starch
glycogen
cellulose
monosaccharides (like glucose)
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The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates
I. Carbohydrates
Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units Examples Food Source Specific Function Nutrient Test
1. monosaccharide 1 glucose honey direct fuel for the mitochondria in cells Benedicts turns blue ? orange when heated
fructose fruit same as above
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The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates
Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units Examples Food Source Function Nutrient Test
2. disaccharide 2 sucrose table sugar enzymes break disaccharides into monosaccharides (simple sugars) Benedicts turns blue ? orange/red when heated
lactose dairy products monosaccharides for energy
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The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates
Types of Carbohydrates Diagram and Number of Units Examples Food Source Function Nutrient Test
3. polysaccharide 1000s starch grains potatoes rice digested into 1000s of monosaccharides for energy how plants store energy iodine makes it turn dark blue (looks black)
glycogen liver muscle how animals store energy
cellulose cell walls celery tough, insoluble no enzyme to break it down provides roughage to keep you regular
....1000s
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Proteins
C
H
O
N
S
2. Proteins contain the elements ____, ____,
____, ____ ( ____) monomer
_______________ Diagram (building block)
functions - to build and repair cell
structures - involved in
chemical activities of the cell as enzymes

amino acids (a.a.)
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Proteins

• Structure
• there are 20 amino acid building blocks
  
  making
  up proteins ? polypeptides
  
  (long chains of amino acids)

• each amino acid has two special groups an amino
  group and a carboxyl group

• the order of the amino acid determines
  
  the type
  of protein

• this order is determined by the genes
  
  on
  your DNA

• the chains of amino acid are organized into
  folded arrangements or spirals, folded back on
  one another and also combined with other proteins

• each protein has a specific arrangement different
  from all other proteins
• Levels of Protein Structure

http//en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Human_Physiology
/Print_Version
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The Chemistry of Life - Proteins
Proteins All proteins are digested into
________________ before entering the blood
stream. Your body takes these building blocks
and makes its own characteristic proteins. 20
different aas essential a.a.s _______
______ non-essential a.a.s

amino acids
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8
Your body cant make these so you must consume
them in your food.
Your body can make these.
ex. animal proteins like meat, fish, eggs
dont contain all 8 essential a.a.s
ex. plant proteins like nuts, seeds, beans
contain all 8 essential a.a.s
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Proteins

• Denaturation

• the shape of a protein can be altered by heat,
  radiation or change in pH

• this denaturation causes the protein to uncoil or
  change shape which affects its function

• The change can be temporary or permanent

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The Chemistry of Life - Proteins
II. Proteins
Types of Proteins Examples Specific Function Nutrient Test
1. structural proteins muscles, bone, hair, skin insoluble proteins which make up all body parts Biuret turquoise ? violet
enzymes found in saliva, gastric juice soluble proteins which speed up chemical reactions in your body
3. hormones testosterone estrogen insulin adrenaline soluble proteins made in glands carried by the blood to target cells ? regulate metabolism
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Lipids (Fats)
C
H
O
3. Lipids (Fats) Contain elements _____,
_____, _____ monomers _______________
___________________ functions
1. energy twice as much energy as
carbohydrates 2. insulation helps
keep heat in cold out
3. cushions layer of fat around vital
organs 4.
storage long term energy storage
5. cell membrane major
component 6.
dissolves fat-soluble vitamins diagram
glycerol
3 fatty acids
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The Chemistry of Life Lipids (Fats)
III. Lipids (Fats)
Types of Lipids Characteristics Examples Dangers Nutrient Test
1. saturated solid at room temperature animal fat i.e. bacon, butter cholesterol arteriosclerosis (arteries harden) atherosclerosis (arteries get clogged) transluscence test
2. unsaturated liquid at room temperature plant fat e.x. olive oil obesity leads to heart attack
glycerol 3 fatty acids
All fats are digested into _______________________
before they can enter
the body.
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Laboratory ExperimentIdentifying Nutrients
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Important Information for the Lab
Today we will be doing some lab tests on foods to
see if they contain carbohydrates, lipids (fats)
and proteins. Part 1 Monosaccharide Test ? you
have to heat it for the test to work Part 3
Translucence Test ? you have to let it dry for
the test to work Do NOT mix up the droppers
from one beaker to another. You will ruin the
results for everyone. You may end up putting a
nutrient in a container that shouldnt be there
creating a false positive test. Do NOT cross
contaminate the beakers.
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Formal Lab Write Up

• For this lab you will be handing in a formal lab
  report.
• DUE DATE Thursday September 30
• Your lab will include the following parts
• Purpose One for the whole lab, NOT for each
  part.
• Observations One table for each part of lab.
• Discussion Answer the discussion questions in
  full sentences.
• Conclusion Summarize the results of the lab in
  a short paragraph.

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Homework

• Answer questions 1, 3 5, 15 (a, b) on page 35.