Title: Anatomy
1Anatomy Physiology
2What is Anatomy Physiology?
- Anatomy
- Is the study of structure
3What is Anatomy Physiology?
- Subdivisions of anatomy
- Gross anatomy
- Microanatomy
- Cellular
- Histology
- Systemic anatomy
- Regional anatomy
4What is Anatomy Physiology?
- Physiology
- Is the study of function
- Structure determines function
- Function usually determines location
5Anatomical Position
6Anatomical Terminology
7Anatomical Terminology
Peripheral toward the outer wall or surface
8Anatomical Terminology
Inversion turning inward
Eversion turning outward
Abduction moving away from the midline
Adduction moving toward the midline
9Anatomical Terminology
Supination turning a body part upward
Pronation turning a body part downward
Caudal toward the tailbone
Cranial toward the head
10Anatomical Terminology
Afferent carrying toward the center
Efferent carrying away from the center
Parietal outer wall of body cavity
Visceral inner cover of structure or belly side
11Anatomical Terminology
Superficial toward the surface
Deep Away from the surface
12Anatomical Planes
divides the body into a right and a left half
- mid sagittal
- parasagittal
13Anatomical Planes
divides the body into a front and a back
14Anatomical Planes
divides the body into upper and lower portions
15Anatomical Terminology
16CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
- Classify each plane illustrated below
horizontal
frontal
mid-sagittal
17Hierarchy of Organization
18Organ System Overview
- Integumentary System
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
- Nervous System
- Endocrine System
- Cardiovascular System
- Lymphatic System
- Respiratory System
- Digestive System
- Urinary System
- Reproductive System
19Life Processes
- metabolism
- responsiveness
- movement
- growth
- Differentiation
- Reproduction
20Homeostasis
- Maintenance of a stable internal environment a
dynamic state of equilibrium - Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body
functioning and to sustain life - Homeostatic imbalance a disturbance in
homeostasis resulting in disease
21Maintaining Homeostasis
- The body communicates through neural and hormonal
control systems - Receptor
- Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
- Sends information to control center
22Maintaining Homeostasis
- Control center
- Determines set point
- Analyzes information
- Determines appropriate response
- Effector
- Provides a means for response to the stimulus
23 Organ Systems Integumentary System
Function Protection, synthesizes vitamin D,
forms external body covering
Organs/Components Epidermis and
Dermis Finger/toe nails Hair Sweat glands
24 Organ Systems Skeletal System
Function provide support for the body, to
protect delicate internal organs and to provide
attachment sites for the organs, site for RBC
formation, stores minerals.
Organs/Components Bones, cartilage, joints
25 Organ Systems Muscular System
Function provide support, heat, and movement.
Maintains posture.
Organs/Components skeletal muscle, cardiac
muscle, smooth muscle, tendons
26Organ Systems Circulatory System
Function transport nutrients, gases (such as
oxygen and CO2), hormones and wastes through the
body.
Organs Heart, blood vessels and blood
27Organ Systems Lymphatic System
Function returns fluids to blood vessels,
disposes of debris, involved in immunity
Organs lymph nodes, lymph vessels,
28 Organ Systems Nervous System
Function activates muscles glands, responds to
internal external stimuli, directs behavior and
movement along with the endocrine system,
controls physiological processes,
Organs Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
29Respiratory System
Function provide gas exchange between the blood
and the environment for the organs.
Organs Nose, trachea and lungs. bronchi
30Digestive System
Function breakdown and absorb nutrients that
are necessary for growth and maintenance
Organs Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and
large intestines
31Excretory/Urinary System
Function filter out cellular wastes ie.
nitrogen ammonia, toxins and excess water from
the circulatory system, maintains acid-base
balance, regulation of materials ie. electrolytes
Organs Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
32Endocrine System
Function relay chemical messages through the
body and in conjunction with the nervous system,
these chemical messages help control
physiological processes ie. Growth metabolism,
reproduction
Organs hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid,
ovaries/testies, and adrenal glands
33Reproductive System
Function manufacture cells that allow
reproduction of offspring
Organs ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and
mammary glands testes, seminal vesicles and penis
34Positions
- Many medical procedures and therapies require
that a patient assume a certain position. - Position terms include
- Sitting (most common position) used for
auscultation of the heart and lungs for taking
blood pressure, and for portions of a
neurological examination. - Fowlers Modified Fowlers is used for exam of
the heart and lungs, to promote respiration in
patients who have shortness of breath, and for
exam of the feet and lower legs.
35Positions Continued
- Supine (on your back) The supine position is
used for exams of the anterior body surfaces,
breast exams, x-rays, and some surgical
procedures - Prone (on your stomach) This position is used
for examination of the posterior of the body
surfaces and for some operations. - Trendelenburgs May be used to prevent and
treat shock, for radiologic exams and procedures,
and for some types of surgery. - Modified Trendelenburgs Used to prevent and
treat shock in trauma patients, for radiologic
exams, or during some operations.
36Positions Continued
- Knee to Chest Used for rectal exams, artificial
insemination, and some surgical procedures. In
some cases, the exam table may be contoured to
aid positioning and to support the patient. - Sims AKA the Left Lateral Position, it may be
used for administering rectal suppositories and
enemas and for certain exams and surgical
procedures - Dorsal Recumbent used for exam of the abdomen,
occasionally for vaginal or rectal exams, and for
some surgical procedures. - Lithotomy used for pelvic exams in females,
rectal exams, some operations, and sometimes in
childbirth.
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39Fowlers Modified Fowlers
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41Knee to Chest Sims
42Anatomical Terminology
43Anatomical Terminology
44Anatomical Terminology
45Anatomical Terminology
46Anatomical Terminology
47Anatomical Terminology
48Anatomical Terminology
49ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
50Anatomical Terminology
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52Abdominopelvic Quadrants
53BodyCavities
Cranial Cavity
Dorsal
Thoracic
Pericardial
Spinal
Ventral
Abdominal
Pelvic
Abdomino-pelvic
54Abdominopelvic Major Organs
55HOMEOSTASIS
- Is maintaining the internal environment within
physiological limits - Internal environment refers to the extracellular
fluids (EFC) - Includes lymph, plasma and interstitial fluid
- The maintenance of homeostasis results in health
56HOMEOSTASIS
- And Stress
- Homeostatic mechanisms attempt to counteract the
effects of the stress and bring the condition
back to normal
57HOMEOSTASIS
- Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous system
and endocrine systems
58HOMEOSTASIS
- And Feedback Systems (Loops)
- a cycle of events in which information about the
status of a condition is continually monitored
and fed back (reported) to a central control
region. - Any stress that changes a controlled condition is
called a stimulus.
59HOMEOSTASIS
- And Feedback Systems (Loops)
- three basic components
- The control center
- The receptor
- The effector
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61HOMEOSTASIS
- And Feedback Systems (Loops)
- Negative Feedback Systems
- a. Shuts off, reduces or reverses the original
stimuls - b. Tend to maintain conditions that
require frequent fine tuning - Positive Feedback Systems
- a. enhances the original stimulus
- b. this only occurs in blood clotting birth
of a baby.
62And Disease
HOMEOSTASIS
- Disease
- a. any change from a state of health,
characterized by symptoms signs - b. Local vs. systemic disease
63 Homeostasis And Disease
- Symptoms vs. Symptoms
- a. Symptoms
- are subjective changes in body functions
that are not apparent to an observer
b. Signs are objective
changes that a clinician can observe and
measure
64What is Anatomy Physiology?
- Anatomy
- Is the study of structure
- Subdivisions of anatomy
- surface anatomy
- gross anatomy
- systemic anatomy
- regional anatomy
- radiographic anatomy
- developmental anatomy
- embryology
- cytology
- pathological anatomy
65THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
66I. Atoms and molecules
- A. Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter.
- Nucleus
- Protons
- Neutrons
- 2. Electron cloud
- Electrons
- 3. Atoms are electrically neutral
- protons electrons
67I. Atoms and molecules
- B. Elements
- Element A substance that is made of only one
kind of atom - Contain atoms with the same number of protons
- Called atomic number
- Differ in number of electrons and
neutrons - 2. 92 naturally occurring
- 3. Principle elements of human body
- O, C, H, N, Ca, P
68II. Chemical bonding
- A. Ionic bonds
- Form when one atom gives up an e- and another
atom gains that e- - cations
- anions
- 2. Properties of Ionic Compounds
- readily dissolve in water
- dissociate in water into their cations and
anions.
69II. Chemical bonding
- B. Covalent bonds
- Form when two atoms share electrons, forming a
molecule
- Form a molecule
- Diatomic mc H2, 02, N2
- 2. Kinds of covalent bonds
- Nonpolar Covalent bonds
- Polar Covalent bonds
3. Properties of Covalent Cmpds strong bonds
70II. Chemical bonding
- C. Hydrogen bonds
- Form between two adjacent polar mc containing H
and O, N, or F - Ex between water mc
- 2. Properties of Covalent Cmpds
- Very weak
- Important in determining the shape of large
biological mc such as protein and DNA - Important in determining characteristics of water
71II. Chemical bonding
- D. States of Matter
- Are determined by the amount of bonding that
occurs between mc - Solid Liquid Gas
- 2. Properties of Covalent Cmpds
- Water is the only substance that can occur in all
three states within temperature ranges consistent
with life
72Solid
Liquid
Gas
73III. Chemical reactions
- A. Fundamental Concepts
- Metabolism
- Reactants
- 2. Products
- 3. Chemical reaction
- Energy
- Potential Energy
- Kinetic Energy
- Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy
74III. Chemical reactions
- B. Types of reactions
- Decomposition
- AB ? A B
- Catabolic processes
- Exergonic
- Hydrolysis
75III. Chemical reactions
- B. Types of reactions
- 2. Synthesis
- A B ? AB
- Anabolic processes
- Endergonic
- Dehydration Synthesis
76III. Chemical reactions
- B. Types of reactions
- Exchange
- AB CD ? AD CB
- Decomposition and synthesis may be paired.
77III. Chemical reactions
- C. Reversible reactions
- 1. Reactants become products while products
become reactants - A B ? AB
- Continues until equilibrium is reached
- 2. Very important to biological systems
- ATP ? ADP P
78III. Chemical reactions
- D. Enzymes and Chemical reactions
- 1. Enzymes are important reaction
catalysts in metabolic systems - Speed up the reaction
- Allow the reaction to occur at lower than normal
temperatures - Lower the activation energy
- 2. Are not altered or used up by the reaction
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80IV. Inorganic compounds
- Generally Concepts
- Dont contain both C H
- 2. Important organic cmpds in the human body
- CO2
- O2
- H2O
- inorganic acids, bases, and salts
81IV. Inorganic compounds
- B. Water
- Excellent solvent because it is polar.
- Solute solvent solution
82IV. Inorganic compounds
- B. Water
- Forms a reaction medium, particularly in
hydrolysis reactions which break down larger
molecules.
83IV. Inorganic compounds
- B. Water
- 3. High heat capacity and thus water stays in a
liquid form over a broad range of temps. - 4. Water is an important reactant in some types
of chemical reactions.
84IV. Inorganic compounds
- B. Water
- Water carries heat with it when it evaporates -
thus water helps stabilize body temperature. - Effective lubricant in joints and within body
cavities and thus serves a protective function.
85IV. Inorganic compounds
- C. Aqueous solutions and electrolytes
- Electrolytes
- Water soluble inorganic cmpds
- Are capable of conducting an electric current
- 2. Electrolytes and the electrical activity they
can generate are the basis for - nerve impulses
- muscle action
86IV. Inorganic compounds
- C. Aqueous solutions and electrolytes
- 3. Homeostasis of electrolytes in body fluids
- kidneys (rid body of excess ions)
- digestive (absorb ions from diet)
- skeletal (store and release ions)
- 4. Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Mc
87IV. Inorganic compounds
- D. Colloids and suspensions
- Colloids
- are solutions in which large and complex organic
mc are dispersed - mc stay in solution indefinitely
- Example proteins
- Suspensions
- Contain large particles that will settle out if
left undisturbed - Example blood
88IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
89IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- Acids
- Are substances which form H ions when in
solution - (the stronger the acid the more H ions it
contains)
90IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- Acids
- can break bonds, denature proteins, and
disrupt cell and tissue functions
91IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- Acids
- pH ? 7
- Examples
- Carbonic acid
- HCl
The lower the pH the stronger the acid
92IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- 2. Bases
- Are substances which form OH- ions when in
solution - (the stronger the base the more OH- ions it
contains) - pH ? 7
- (the stronger the base the higher the pH)
Normal pH of blood is 7.35
93IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- 2. Bases
- Strong bases are very damaging to cell processes
- Example NH4OH
94IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- 3. Salts
- Contain a cation other than H and an anion other
than OH - dissociate in water
- Are strong electrolytes
- pH 7
95IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- 3. Salts
- Importance in the body
- provide ions for transport of substances into and
out of cells - function in muscle contraction
- function in nerve impulse conduction
96IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- Changes in the acid-base balance are resisted by
- extracellular and intracellular chemical buffers
- respiratory regulation
- renal regulation
97IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- 5. Buffers
- compounds help stabilize the pH of a solution by
turning a strong acid or base into a weaker one - usually consist of a weak acid and its related
salt - Example
- bicarbonate ion buffers the blood
98V. Organic compounds
- A. General
- Long-chain molecules
- Always contain C and H
- Usually contain O
- Linked by covalent bonds
- Many are soluble in water
- Classes of Organic Cmpds
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
99V. Organic compounds
- Carbohydrates
- Contain C H O in a near
121 ratio - Most important function
Primary energy source for the cell
100V. Organic compounds
- Carbohydrates
- Kinds
- Monosaccharides
- Simple sugars
- 3-7 carbons in length
- Example Glucose (C6H12O6)
- Polysaccharides
- Most complex sugars
- Example Starch Glycogen
- Disaccharides
- Double sugars
- Example Lactose, sucrose
101V. Organic compounds
- Lipids
- Contain C H O in very large numbers
- Include
- Fats, oils and waxes
- Common examples
- triglycerides
- steroids
- phospholipids
102V. Organic compounds
- Lipids
- 5. Insoluble in water
- 4. Importance
- long term energy storage
- structural component of cell membranes
(phospholipids)
103B. Lipids
- 5. Kinds
- Fatty Acids
- saturated
- C have only single bonds
- unsaturated
- C have 1 or more double bonds.
- polyunsaturated
- double bonds
occur at multiple sites
104V. Organic compounds
- Lipids
- 5. Kinds
- Eicosanoids
- Have short C chains
- Prostaglandins local hormones
- Leukotrienes coordinate response to injury or
disease
105B. Lipids
- 5. Kinds
- Glycerides
- composed of fatty acids and glycerol
- Function
- Energy source
- Insulation
- Protection
106B. Lipids
- 5. Kinds
- Steroids
- lg lipid mc
- examples cholesterol, testoterone, estrogen
- Function
- Stabilize cell membrane
- Sex hormones
- Regulate metabolism and mineral balance
- Formation of bile
107B. Lipids
- 5. Kinds
- Phospholipd
- structural lipids that help form and maintain
cell membranes
polar head - hydrophilic nonpolar tail-
hydrophobic
108V. Organic compounds
- Proteins
- Examples
- Keratin, hemoglobin
- 1. Basics
- the most abundant organic components in the body
- contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
- If made of more than 30 amino acids it is called
a polypeptide
109C. Proteins
Made from amino acids (20 exist) held together by
peptide bonds
110V. Organic compounds
2. Functions Support, movement, transport,
buffers, regulate reactions, coordination,
control, defense 3. Structure Primary,
Secondary, Tertiary, Quatranary
111Peptide bonds
112Shape determines function
113V. Organic compounds
- 4. Shape Determines function
- Small changes in pH, temperature, ionic
composition can denature a protein (affects
protein structure) cause it not to function
properly - 5. Enzymes
- Biological catalysts
- Speed up a reaction without being used up in
the reaction
114V. Organic compounds
- 5. Enzymes
- Biological catalysts
- Speed up a reaction without being used up in
the reaction
115V. Organic compounds
- 5. Enzymes
- lower the needed activation energy
116V. Organic compounds
- 5. Enzymes
- Some poisons bond permanently to an enzyme
117V. Organic compounds
- 6. Glycoproteins
- Protein carbohydrate
- Important in cell recognition
118V. Organic compounds
- 6. Glycoproteins
- Function
- As enzymes
- As antibodies
- As hormones
- As cell membrane components
- To secrete mucins which absorb water to form
mucus
119V. Organic compounds
- lg organic mc that have
- C, H, O, N and P
- Function
- store and process information
- Structure
- made of nucleotides
- Phosphate, sugar, base
- (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil)
- linked by dehydration synthesis
120V. Organic compounds
- Structure
- made of nucleotides
121V. Organic compounds
- Kinds
- DNA
- Important in inheritance
- Codes for and directs the synthesis of proteins
- Regulates cell metabolism
- Found in nucleus
- Double stranded
- Sugar is Deoxyribose
- Bases are A G C T
- Able to self replicate
122DNA STRUCTURE
123V. Organic compounds
- Kinds
- RNA
- comes in several forms (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) that
cooperate to manufacture proteins - Single stranded
- Found in nucleus and cytoplasm
- Bases are U A G C
- Sugar is ribose
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125E. High Energy Compounds
V. Organic compounds
- Energy currency cells is ATP
- ATP made of 3 phosphate groups attached to an
adenosine (composed of adenine and ribose)
1262. Energy is stored when P is added to ADP
(energonic)
1272. Energy is released when P is added to
ADP (exergonic)
128E. High Energy Compounds
- 3. Another form, called cyclic-AMP is used as
an intracellular signal.