DNA and Transcription Tutorial

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DNA and Transcription Tutorial
Start from Beginning
Transcription
Predicting Transcription
Review Questions
Place your keyboard aside. Only use the mouse.
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Genes and DNA

• DNA can be divided into segments called genes. It
  is estimated that human DNA is composed of
  25,000 genes among its 46 total chromosomes.
• Quick Review. Proteins are made which smaller
  units called?

Monosaccharides make up complex sugars
monosaccharide
Amino acid
nucleotide
Fatty acid
Fatty acids make up lipids
Nucleotides make up nucleic acids
3
Genes
back

• Correct. Amino acids link to create proteins.
• Genes (small sections of DNA) are blueprints to
  make proteins for use throughout the body. Genes
  are found inside the nucleus of cells, but
  proteins are created outside of the nucleus.
• Quick review. Which organelle creates proteins?

Chloroplasts creates sugars
Mitochondria creates ATP energy
mitochondria
chloroplast
lysosome
ribosome
Lysosomes break down food and pathogens
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Meet Melissa
back

• Yes! Ribosomes make proteins.
• Melissa is an architect and has designed a new
  high-rise apartment complex.
• The construction blueprint holds the information
  needed to create the high-rise apartment complex.
• A gene is like the construction blueprints. The
  gene holds the information needed to make a
  protein.
• Quick Review. A gene is a small section of?

DNA
Proteins
RNA
Ribosomes
Ribosomes make proteins
Proteins are created from DNA codes
RNA is created from DNA. Stay tuned.
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Transcription
back
Correct! Lets move on though

• The DNA undergoes a process called transcription.
  Transcription is the process where the DNA code
  of a gene is used to make a molecule called
  messenger RNA (mRNA).
• Examine the picture. The red letters are DNA
  nucleotides. The green letters are mRNA being
  created. Notice how mRNA nucleotides are
  attaching to the DNA sequence.
• Quick review Where is DNA stored?

Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Vesicle
Vacuole
Vacuole stores water and waste
Cytoplasm contains many organelles, but not the
DNA
Vesicles usually transport proteins
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Transcription (continued)
back

• Yes, the nucleus stores DNA.
• Remember that transcription will make mRNA.
  Heres how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase
  breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands
  of DNA nucleotides together.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
Key
Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
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Transcription (continued)
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• Remember that transcription will make mRNA.
  Heres how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase
  breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands
  of DNA nucleotides together.
• One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA
  chain.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
RNA Polymerase
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
Key
Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
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Transcription (continued)
back

• Remember that transcription will make mRNA.
  Heres how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase
  breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands
  of DNA nucleotides together.
• One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA
  chain.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
RNA Polymerase
C
C
G
T
A
T
A
Key
Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
9
Transcription (continued)
back

• Remember that transcription will make mRNA.
  Heres how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase
  breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands
  of DNA nucleotides together.
• One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA
  chain.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
RNA Polymerase
C
C
G
T
A
A
T
Key
Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
10
Transcription (continued)
back

• Remember that transcription will make mRNA.
  Heres how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase
  breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands
  of DNA nucleotides together.
• One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA
  chain.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
RNA Polymerase
C
C
T
A
A
G
T
Key
Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
11
Transcription (continued)
back

• Remember that transcription will make mRNA.
  Heres how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase
  breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands
  of DNA nucleotides together.
• One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA
  chain.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
RNA Polymerase
C
C
A
A
G
T
T
Key
Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
12
Transcription (continued)
back

• Remember that transcription will make mRNA.
  Heres how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase
  breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands
  of DNA nucleotides together.
• One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA
  chain.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
RNA Polymerase
C
A
A
C
G
T
T
Key
Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
13
Transcription (continued)
back

• Remember that transcription will make mRNA.
  Heres how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase
  breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands
  of DNA nucleotides together.
• One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA
  chain.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
RNA Polymerase
A
A
C
C
G
T
T
Key
Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
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Transcription (continued)
back

• Now that the DNA has been separated,
  free-floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the now
  open DNA nucleotides.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
RNA Polymerase
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
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Transcription Rules
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• Now that the DNA has been separated,
  free-floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the now
  open DNA nucleotides.
• Before performing transcription, remember the
  table below.

DNA mRNA
A U
T A
C G
G C
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Predicting Transcription
back

• Use the transcription table to predict which mRNA
  nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
A
U
Remember DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA
A DNA C with RNA G DNA G with RNA
C Try Again
Click one
C
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
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Predicting Transcription
back

• Use the transcription table to predict which RNA
  nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
U
A
U
Remember DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA
A DNA C with RNA G DNA G with RNA
C Try Again
Click one
C
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
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Predicting Transcription
back

• Use the transcription table to predict which RNA
  nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
U
G
A
U
Remember DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA
A DNA C with RNA G DNA G with RNA
C Try Again
Click one
C
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
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Predicting Transcription
back

• Use the transcription table to predict which RNA
  nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
U
A
U
G
A
U
Remember DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA
A DNA C with RNA G DNA G with RNA
C Try Again
Click one
C
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
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Predicting Transcription
back

• Use the transcription table to predict which RNA
  nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
U
G
U
C
A
U
Remember DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA
A DNA C with RNA G DNA G with RNA
C Try Again
Click one
C
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
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Predicting Transcription
back

• Use the transcription table to predict which RNA
  nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
U
G
U
C
C
A
U
Click one
C
G
Remember DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA
A DNA C with RNA G DNA G with RNA
C Try Again
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
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Predicting Transcription
back

• Use the transcription table to predict which RNA
  nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
U
G
U
C
C
A
A
U
Click one
C
G
Remember DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA
A DNA C with RNA G DNA G with RNA
C Try Again
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
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Predicting Transcription
back

• Now that the mRNA is complete, it will detach
  from the DNA
• Exit the nucleus And then hook up with a
  ribosome.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
U
G
U
C
C
A
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
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Predicting Transcription
back

• Now that the mRNA is complete, it will detach
  from the DNA
• Exit the nucleus And then hook up with a
  ribosome.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
U
G
U
C
C
A
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
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Fate of the DNA?
back

• Once the mRNA breaks away, the DNA will recombine.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
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Fate of the DNA?
back

• Once the mRNA breaks away, the DNA will recombine.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
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The final stage.
back

• Remember Melissa? Her blueprint for the apartment
  complex needs to be copied and then taken to the
  construction site. In this analogy, Melissa would
  fax the blueprints over to the construction site.
  The fax would be the mRNA. The construction site
  is the ribosome.
• Now that a copy of the blueprint has arrived, the
  construction team can begin to build the
  apartment complex. In a cell, now that the mRNA
  has arrived, the ribosome has the instructions to
  begin to make a protein.

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The final stage.
back
A
U
G
U
C
C
A
ribosome

• mRNA makes a copy of the DNA
• the mRNA exits the nucleus
• the mRNA links up with a ribosome.

Once at the ribosome, the process called
translation will begin. Translation is the
process where a ribosome builds a protein. The
details of translation will be discussed another
day. For now, lets review.
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Final Review 1
back

• What will eventually be created by the DNA code
  of a gene?

protein
ribosome
nucleolus
Ribosomes will be used to make proteins
The nucleolus makes ribosomes
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Final Review 2
back

• Correct! Now try this one
• RNA polymerase separates DNA at the start of
  which process?

transcription
translation
replication
We will discuss translation another day
DNA helicase separates DNA during replication
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Final Review 3
back

• Correct. Now try this one
• RNA polymerase is a type of which organic
  molecule?

Which chemicals end with ASE?
Nucleic Acid
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Proteins/enzyme
Which chemicals end with ASE?
Which chemicals end with ASE?
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Final Review 4
back
Remember DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA
A DNA C with RNA G DNA G with RNA
C Try Again

• Correct! Now try this one
• Which shows the process of transcription done
  properly?

Key Black DNA Red mRNA
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Final Review 5
back

• Correct. Now try this one
• After exiting the nucleus, where will the
  finished mRNA travel?

Mitochondria makes ATP energy. mRNA is not needed
for this.
The nucleolus makes ribosomes. mRNA is not needed
for this.
ribosome
mitochondria
nucleolus
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Final Review 6
back

• Correctnow try this last one
• Once arriving at the ribosome, which process will
  begin next?

Transcription already happened to make the mRNA
that has arrived at the ribosome.
Replication is not performed while making a
protein.
Replication
Transcription
Translation
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Good jobI hope this tutorial was helpful. Turn
in your handout. Feel free to start over if you
would like to do some review.