Geographic Ecology (?????) ??:???????

1
Geographic Ecology (?????)?????????
character displacement

• ??? (Ayo)
• ??????
• ??????? ??
• ??????? ??

2
??

• Chap. 22 ????? (Geographic Ecology)
• Introduction (History and definition)
• Concepts
• ????? (Biogeography)
• ??? (1820-1980)
• ??????? (Island Biogeography)
• ????? (?? Baja California)
• ???????

3
History

• Humboldt and Bonpland (1799)
• 10,000km, on foot, by canoe, or on horseback
• ??12S and 52N (???????)
• I shall try to find out how the forces of nature
  interact upon one another and how the geographic
  environment influences plant and animal life.
• Darwin and Wallace

4
Definition

• MacArthur and Wilson (1967) The Theory of Island
  Biogeography (???????)
• ????????????????
• MacArthur (1972) Geographical Ecology ?? ???????
• The search for patterns of plant and animal life
  that can be put on a map. (?????????????????????)

5
Concepts (Chap.22)

• On islands and habitat patches on continents,
  species richness increases with area and
  decreases with isolation. (????,??????,??????)
• Species richness on islands can be modeled as a
  dynamic balance between immigration and
  extinction of species. (???????)
• Species richness generally increase from middle
  and high latitudes to the equator. (??????????)
• Long-term historical and regional process
  significantly influence the structure of biotas
  and ecosystems. (???????)

6
????? (Geographic Ecology)????? (Biogeography)

• ???????????????????
• ????? (Plant geography)
• ????? (Zoogeography)
• ??????? (Island Biogeography)

????
7
?????????

• 1820 1940?????????????
• 1940???Cain(1944)?????????????,???
• ??????? (Historical biogeography)
• ??????? (Ecological biogeography)?
• 1961?????????(1)????,(2)?????????

8

• 1960-1980???????
• (1) ?????
• (2) ????????????????
• (3) MacArthur and Wilson (1963,
  1967)???????????????
• (4) Vicariance ??????
• 1980???,the study of biodiversity?

9
???????

• The equilibrium model of Island Biogeography
  (Chap.22 text p.541-543)
• Species richness on islands can be modeled as a
  dynamic balance between immigration and
  extinction of species. (??????????????????????????
  ???)

10
Fig. 22.8
11
Fig. 22.9
12
Fig.5a. The Galapagos Islands
13
Fig. 5b. Number of land-plant species on the
Galapagos islands in relation to the area of the
island. S 28.6A 0.32
14
Fig. 6. Species-area curve for the amphibians and
reptiles of the West Indies. S 3.3A 0.30
15
Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to
mountaintops.(a) Map of the Great Basin region
of the western United States showing the isolated
mountain ranges between the Rocky Mountains on
the east and the Sierra Nevada on the west.
16
Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to
mountaintops.(b) Species-area relationship for
the resident boreal birds of the mountaintops in
the Great Basin.
17
Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to
mountaintops. (c) Species-area relationship for
the boreal mammal species.
18
Experimental Island Biogeography
Fig. 22.12
19
Fig. 11. Baja California
?????
????
20
?1. Cortez ?????????????
? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????
50km2 ??????????? 105 13 9.3 3.5 1.3
??????????????????? No No No Yes Yes Very Yes
????????????????? No ??? Yes Yes Very Yes
Holocene???????????????????????? No No No No No ???
?????,???????????? ????? No No No No No No No No No Yes ??? Yes
???????? ????? 0 2 0 0 0 0 5 35 0 47 16 69
21
Fig. 13. ???????(???Case Code, 1987)
22
???????

• ?????
• ???????
• ?? minimum population size
• Genetic considerations
• 1960??????????
• ???????????
• ??????,????????????,?????

23
????? (??)Heath hem (Tympanuchus cupido cupido)

• ????New England ?Virginia State
• 1876,???? Martha's Vineyard?
• 1900,????100??
• 1907,??refuge(???)?
• 1916,???????800???????,???????????,????????100??15
  0??
• 1920,????????200?????????,?????100????
• 1932,???

24
???????

• (1) demographic stochasticity
• (2) environmental stochasticity
• (3) natural catastrophes
• (4) genetic stochasticity

25
?? minimum population size

• (1) Experiments
• (2) Biogeographic patterns
• (3) Theoretical models
• (4) Simulation models
• (5) Genetic considerations

26
Genetic considerations

• ??????????
• (1) inbreeding ??homozygosity ???
• (2) Genetic drift
• (3) ???????

27
1960??????????

• ??
• (1) ?????
• (2)?????
• (3)???,???????????
• (4)??/??,??????

28
Fig. 10. Schematic illustration of some
principles for the design of nature reserves.
29
??????????????

• ???????????
• (1) maximizes the mean size of reserves
• (2) maximizes the number of reserves

30
Fig. 4. The distribution of areas of nature
reserves in the world.
31
Fig. 14. Diagram of experimental design. Plots
with solid edges represent enclosures preventing
access by sheep. Broken lines mark delineated
plots in the grazed area.
32
?2. ????????????????,????????????
?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??
N 32 8 2 16 4 1
?? 29 26 20 26 16 15
??/?? 15 15 15 13 12 (15)
??/?? 3 8 15 5 8 (15)
?? 34? 34? 34? 26? 26? 26?
33
?3. ?????????????
? ? ?? ?? ?? ??
??1985 1986 1987 29 30 33 26 27 29 20 20 25 34 33 40
???? 1985-1986 1986-1987 4 2 5 3 3 2 5 1
???? 1985-1986 1986-1987 5 5 6 5 3 7 4 6
34
Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for
oceanic archipelagos.a. Extant native birds of
the Hawaiian islandsb. Galapagos land birdsc.
Galapagos Darwin's finchesd. Galapagos ferns.
????? ??200????
35
Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for
oceanic archipelagos.e. Galapagos insectsf.
Galapagos flowering plantsg. Caribbean bats.h.
Facroes islands ground beetles.
????? ??200????
36
Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for
oceanic archipelagos. g. Caribbean bats.h.
Facroes islands ground beetles.i.. Canary
Islands birdsj. Canary island ground beetles.
????? ??200????
37
Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for
nearshores archipelagos. a. Seabirds on islands
off of Scotland.b. Extant marsupials on islands
in the Bass Straits.c. Reptiles on islands in
the Bass Straits. d. Sand dune mammals on
islands in the Bass Straits.
???? ??100KM??
38
Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for
nearshore archipelagos. e. Birds of the
California Channel islands.f. Reptiles and
amphibians of the California Channel islands.g.
Plants of the islands in the Gulf of
California.h. Mammals of the islands in the Gulf
of California.
???? ??100KM??
39
Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for
nearshores archipelagos. g. Plants of the
islands in the Gulf of California.h. Mammals of
the islands in the Gulf of California.i.
Reptiles and amphibians of the islands in the
Gulf of California.
???? ??100KM??
40
Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for
terrestrial habitat isolates.a. Mammals of East
African national parks.b. Birds of East African
national parks.c. Mountaintop small mammals. d.
Mountaintop plants.
?????
41
Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for
terrestrial habitat isolates.e. Mountaintop
birdsf. Birds in New Jersey woodlotsg. Mammals
of Australian wheatbelt reserves.h. Lizards of
Australian wheatbelt reserves.
?????
42
Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for
terrestrial habitat isolates. g. Mammals of
Australian wheatbelt reserves.h. Lizards of
Australian wheatbelt reserves.i. Mammals of U.S.
national parks.
?????
43
??????,????????????,?????

• 1. Habitat diversity
• 2. Population dynamics.
• Priority effects
• Multiple stable equilibria
• Edge effects
• Disturbance
• Species pool and dispersal ability.
• Colonization
• Evolutionary effects.
• Extinctions.
• 3. Historical effects.

44

• ?????!

japalur_at_hotmail.com Ayo ???
http//mail.nutn.edu.tw/hycheng
45
Character Displacement

• ?????,????????,??????????????
• ????????

46
Fig. 1 The considerable difference in beak
morphology between these three species of
Darwin's finches, Geospiza, which coexist on many
Galapagos islands, has been the subject of much
debate concerning its cause.
47
Fig. 2 The beak morphology of Geospiza
conirostris shows significant variation on
different species on different islands.
48
Fig. 3. The average beak depths of four species
of Darwin's finches on three islands where they
coexist show considerable variation from island
to islands, even though the same set of possible
competition occurs on each island.
49

• ?????!

japalur_at_hotmail.com Ayo ???
http//mail.nutn.edu.tw/hycheng
50
College of Environmental Sciences and Ecology
????????
BiotechEnergyEnvironmental EcologyEcotourism
???????????????????????????

• Dean ??? (Ayo)

51
BiotechEnergyEnvironmental EcologyEcotourism
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52
??????? ??? (??)

• ?????
• ?????????????? (?????)??????????????????????????
• ?????
• ???? (eco-tourism)???????(??)???????????
  (business ecology)?????? (industry ecology)
• ?????
• ??????????????????? (governance)?????????????????(
  ??)? (Eco-society topology)