NSLS-II SRX Beamline

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NSLS-II SRX Beamline
Tony Lanzirotti SRX Beamline Advisory Team
Chair The University of Chicago, CARS
Experimental Facilities Advisory Committee
Meeting April 23-24, 2009
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Sub-micron Resolution X-ray (SRX)spectroscopy
Team
Beamline Advisory Team Members Antonio
Lanzirotti (Leader) - Univ. of Chicago
(microprobe design, operation and applications)
Peter Eng - Univ. of Chicago (beamline
design/optics and instrumentation) Jeffrey Fitts
- BNL (environmental science applications,
XAS) Keith Jones - BNL (microprobe design, CMT
design) Lisa Miller - BNL (life science probe
design and application) Matt Newville - Univ. of
Chicago (XAS design, operation and applications)
Paul Northrup - BNL (beamline design,
management, environmental science
applications) Richard Reeder - Stony Brook Univ.
(microprobe applications in earth environmental
science) Mark Rivers - Univ. of Chicago (detector
and control systems design) Stephen Sutton -
Univ. of Chicago (microprobe design, management
and operation) Stefan Vogt - ANL (zone plate
microprobe design and operation, applications to
life sciences) Gayle Woloschak - Northwestern
Univ. (biological applications of zone plate
microprobes) NSLS-II Paul Northrup Interim
Group Leader (Hutch design, FOE component layout,
accelerator group liaison) Andy Broadbent
Beamlines Manager (budget overview, management
oversight) Jürgen Thieme Group Leader (July
2009) Institute for X-Ray Physics,
Georg-August-University, Göttingen Led the
project of building a scanning transmission X-ray
microscope at the electron storage ring BESSY II,
principally for spectromicroscopy in
environmental sciences.
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SRX Scientific Mission
Workshops held by scientific communities (such as
Earth, Environmental, and Life sciences, Hard
Condensed Matter and Materials sciences, Chemical
and Energy sciences) have all identified
analytical resources that must be developed to
advance our understanding complex natural and
engineered systems that are heterogeneous on the
micron to submicron scale.

• Higher intensity focused x-ray probes to enable
  the next generation of research
• Focused beam instruments with a broad, tunable
  and scanable range of photon energy from 2-25 keV
  for elemental imaging and sub-µm spectroscopy
• Versatility of focal spot size and sample
  geometry to accommodate varying sample needs

Accessibility of absorption edges.
Accessibility to fluorescence lines even larger.
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Beamline Requirements and Specifications
LOI Proposal A sub-micrometer probe, insertion
device sector consisting of two beamlines, each
supplied by an optimized undulator with the two
undulators in a canted geometry.

• Station KB
• a Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror based instrument
• energy range between 4-25 keV
• spatial resolution adjustable from gt1000 nm down
  to 100 nm
• instrumentation for XRF, XAS, XRD and fCMT
  (achromatic long WD)
• 50x gt flux than current KB-microprobes in a 2000
  nm spot
• Station ZP (not in initial scope)
• a zone plate based instrument
• energy range between 2-15 keV
• target spatial resolution of 30 nm
• instrumentation for XRF, XANES and imaging
• 2x gt flux than current ZP-microprobes in a 200 nm
  spot
• Share a common sample mounting and registry
  system

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Scientific areas where SRX will enable
significant advances

• Health Hazards of Contaminated Materials, Bad
  Metals (contaminants in agriculture and drinking
  water, actinides from nuclear production,
  industrial emissions, mechanisms of toxicity)
• Processes at the Interfaces between Minerals
  and Micro-organisms (biogeochemistry of
  microbe-mineral interactions, understanding
  biofilm processes , CO2 sequestration)
• Global Effects of Particulates and Organisms in
  the Atmosphere and Oceans (metals cycling,
  effects on climate change, modeling airborne
  emissions)
• Evolution of Our Solar System (interplanetary
  dust particles, comet dust, NASA sample return)
• Environmental Genomics (metal homeostatis,
  ionomics, metallomics, biofuels studies)
• Essential Metals in Cells and Organisms and in
  Disease Mechanisms (nutrient acquisition, metal
  detoxification, microbial pathogenesis,
  bioremediation, diseases related to altered
  levels of metal ions at subcellular level)

• Metals as Therapies (understanding molecular
  level mechanisms of metal based therapies)
• Metals in Imaging and Diagnostics (imaging of
  metal contrast agents, molecular imaging of
  marker proteins)
• Catalysis and Chemical processes on the Single
  Particle Scale (coupled µXAS/µXRD of catalytic
  particles and interfaces to
• follow processes such as oxidation)
• Materials Science (elemental partitioning in
  microelectronics, elemental diffusion into
  microcrystalline domains due to aging of
• plastics and alloys, tracking redox changes of
  single particle contaminants in batteries and
  silicon solar cells)

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SRX Project Beamline Milestones

• April 1, 2008 SREEL BAT submits LOI to NSLS-II
  project.
• LOI reviewed by EFAC at May 5-7, 2008 meeting
  (one of 11 LOIs). EFAC report received June 2008.
• Microprobe spectroscopy beamline selected as one
  of the six beamlines to be built within the
  project scope September 2, 2008. Renamed SRX.

• First SRX BAT meeting and MOU signing October
  30, 2008.
• Many design aspects since then adjusted to
  incorporate BAT recommendations already
  (Northrup, Broadbent).
• SRX Group Leader hired by NSLS-II project July
  2009.

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Response to Comments from EFAC
Comment Response
The EFAC felt the case for the zone plate nanoprobe was not strong. EFAC therefore supports the KB branch more strongly than the ZP one. Published KB designs can already reach 30nm. KB branch will be constructed as part of initial project scope, optimized for 4.65-23.3 keV. ZP later (mature scope).
No coincident microscopy is planned with 50-nm probes, visible-light microscopy cannot be used to identify the location of the chemical signatures in thin sections or on surfaces. BAT has requested adjacent microscopy laboratory facility with integrated registry system for off-line characterization and targeting. On-line sub-micron XRD and phase contrast techniques will help. Other microscopies being evaluated.
EFAC felt that it might not be good policy for a centrally operated facility such as NSLS-2 to build beamlines catering to special interest groups such as earth, environmental and life scientists. As a project beamline access to all users will be through the NSLS-II GU program and be merit based peer reviewed. The BAT will consider if the NSLS-II PU proposals may be an avenue of enhancing support for key science groups.
The EFAC was impressed with the presentation of a beamline plan to build a pair of undulator beamlines for the earth, environmental and life sciences. The design was one of the most detailed presented with full, realistic estimates of the sizes and apertures of all the optics (i.e. mirrors) needed to achieve the small spot sizes required. Thank You!
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Beamline Overview
100nm
not in initial scope
Only one undulator is in initial scope
30nm

• Canted geometry consists of an undulator
  optimized for lower energy (ZP) in the upstream
  position and one optimized for higher energy (KB)
  in the downstream position.
• The total cant shown is 2 mrad. This is minimum
  acceptable, provides sufficient space to place
  separate apertures around each beam before they
  exit the shield wall and adequate separation in
  the end stations.

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SRX-KB Conceptual Design

• Canted, on a short (low beta) straight
• 4.6523.3 keV incident photon energy
• Suitable harmonic rejection
• Continuously variable energy range over the
  energy range specified with no gaps
• No scientifically important edges (e.g. U L3)
  caught badly in a transition between harmonics

e-
Phosphors,  filters and  imaging  devices
Rh and bare Si stripes 280 mm, 2.5 mrad inc.
angle w/ bender
Removable Assume Windowless Ops. w/ differential
pump
Cryogenically cooled Horizontally diffracting
BPM and feedback to stabilize SHS by controlling
the HFM pitch
100 mm H-KB, 280 mm V-KB lt 0.2 µrad RMS (requires
effort)
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SRX Conceptual Design
FOE
Photon Shutters
KB ZP DCMs
KB HFM
ZP mirror pair
downstream
Shielded Beampipe
FOE
SRX-ZP hutch
SRX-KB hutch
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SRX Conceptual Design
2 mrad canting angle
downstream
KB
ZP
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Vertical Optical Layout of the KB Branch
Vertical optics layout for the KB beamline
showing a single 280 mm long vertical focusing
mirror at 56.23 m
Calculations by Peter Eng (SRX BAT)
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Horizontal Optical Layout of the KB Branch
Calculations by Peter Eng (SRX BAT)
Horizontal optics layout and scatter plots for
the KB beamline with a secondary horizontal
source at 53.6 m, produced by a horizontal
focusing mirror at 34.8 m. Working distance 30
mm.
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Selected SRX BAT Recommendations
Items Status
Detailed interaction with BAT for individual components (use our expertise). In progress, A. Broadbent and P. Northrup have had frequent meetings with BAT members on design
Pursue discussions with User community to prioritize research projects and allow them to open discussions with other funding agencies. User workshop being planned by BAT for late 2009
Optical Design We envision the need to maintain sample/beam stability on the sample at a 10 nm level. Consider suggestions for BPMs current plans may be inadequate given likely stability requirements Vigorous evaluation of beamline stability required. BAT member collaborations with ASP on their microprobe design shows significant potential similarities in design which can provide lessons learned. Commission an optical study from IDT (optical performance, thermal evaluation, stability requirements) Specification for energy stability and reproducibility recommended to be 0.1 eV In progress P. Siddons and P. Yoon developing BMP systems Broadbent evaluating BPM requirements and ASP layout Optical Study commissioned from IDT for summer 2009
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Selected SRX BAT Recommendations
Items Status
Sample Environments Environmentally controlled hutches to reduce thermal instability, development and utilization of an active registry system for KB/ZP sample interchangeability (i.e. active laser interferometer ), specialized enclosed sample environment will be needed, cryo cooling, etc. To be evaluated. XRadia chambers a potential starting design.
Beamline Controls EPICS, but evaluate new User interfaces and hardware standards (eg. Fieldbus, Java IOC). To be evaluated. Bob Dalesio (Controls Group Leader) will act as lead on this effort in collaboration with BAT.
IVU Recommendations 4 mrad canting angle should be pursued if possible (2 mrad is absolute minimum) Evaluate suitable devices to achieve 4.6523.3 keV incident photon energy, suitable harmonic rejection, continuously variable energy range over the energy range specified with no gaps. Evaluate of the feasibility of continuous scanning of the undulator gap with optical/interferometry feedback from the monochromator for spectroscopy Canting angles being evaluated by accelerator group. P. Northrup and O. Tchoubar have evaluated IVU options and presented to BAT, candidate device selected (discussion follows). IVU Feedback mechanisms to be evaluated.
Monochromator Design consider the potential utility of a horizontally diffracting cryo-cooled DCM for SRX-KB (discussion follows). Has been specified for evaluation as part of IDT optical study
BAT Meeting summary contains many additional
suggestions and recommendations.
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NSLS-II Accelerator Restrictions

• The device length, for a given minimum gap, is
  defined by the beta function for the straight.
  Minimum allowable gap of 5.0 mm.
• IVU must fit in half-straight with room for
  canting magnets.
• This means that 0.5m needs to be removed, then
  space divided in half, as two devices are fitted
  to the straight.

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Evaluation suggests a 1.5 m long, 21 mm period
device with a minimum magnet gap of 5.5 mm will
provide excellent performance at the lowest
specified energies at the 3rd harmonic energy for
3.0 GeV beam lt 4.65 keV. This will also provide
at the highest operational energy range (23.3 keV
Rh K edge practical limit).
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Potential SRX Monochromator Design

• Australian Synchrotrons X-Ray Fluorescence
  Microprobe horizontally diffracting
  monochromator
• No gravity effect, eliminating distortions such
  as crystal cage twist and sag and unwanted
  angular rotations of the second crystal.
• Eliminates need for longitudinal second crystal
  translation stage
• A properly designed horizontal DCM can be
  mechanically more stable particularly as energy
  is changed.
• Horizontal deflection can increase separation
  between the KB and ZP branches.
• Horizontal diffraction will enable the beam
  defining aperture to filter out any horizontal
  vibration and slope errors.
• Space for incorporating interchangeable lattice
  cuts, including Si(311) DCM and DMM as potential
  upgrades.
• Potential performance benefits of utilizing
  dread-lock vs. braided copper cooling designs.
• Potential complications to evaluate
• Intensity loss of intensity due to polarization
  losses
• Potential beam divergence effects compared to
  vertical geometry

ASP Microprobe DCM
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Overall Project Beamline Budget

• SRX Cost Estimate is 10,707,772
• The costs were adapted from XAS
• XAS ? SRX swap is feasible with 1.9M, mainly
  from high-heatload optics, redirected for ID
  development and purchase (which XAS didnt incur)
• Detailed cost re-analysis is part of planned
  FY09 design efforts (SRX Group Leader)
• Only the KB branch of SRX is included in
  baseline, but space and design accommodations are
  made for development of ZP branch

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Conceptual Design Report due September 2009

• Next BAT meeting June/July 2009
• Group Leader on hand
• IDT optical report will be in hand summer 2009
• NSLS-II and SRX front end design refined
• Undulator specs refined and incorporated into SRX
  design
• Cost estimate and schedule updated
• Beamline scientist hired
• User Workshop by end of 2009