PROTISTA

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PROTISTA
magic or misfit?
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KINGDOM PROTISTA

• Algae
• Protozoans
• Slime Molds
• Water Molds

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KINGDOM PROTISTA
PLANTS (from algae)
ANIMALS (from protozoa)
PROTISTS
PROKARYOTES
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PROTIST CHARACTERISTICS

• eukaryotic
• aquatic / moist environments
• Diverse forms
• unicellular
• simple colonies
• few colonies showing division of labor
• either photosynthetic (algae) heterotrophic
  (protozoans)
• Euglena can be both

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PROTIST CHARACTERISTICS

• asexual reproduction occurs in ALL protists
• sexual reproduction occurs in some

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PROTIST CHARACTERISTICS

• algae are the major producers in all aquatic
  ecosystems
• account for half of all photosynthetic products
  in the world
• account for much of our O2 production

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PHYLA OF ALGAE

• EUGLENOPHYTA Euglena
• PYRROPHYTA dinoflagellates
• CHRYSOPHYTA diatoms
• PHAEOPHYTA Fucus
• RHODOPHYTA Corallina
• CHLOROPHYTA Spirogyra Volvox

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EUGLENOPHYTA

• Chlorophyll a and b
• food is Paramylon - a glucose polymer
• 1 - 3 flagella
• NO cell wall
• Pellicle -- submembrane protein
• fresh water habitats
• have a photosensetive eyespot -- Stigma

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PYRROPHYTA- DINOFLAGELLATES

• Fire Algae
• store food as STARCH
• 2 flagellum 1 lateral 1 posterior
• produces a spinning motion
• cell wall of cellulose
• marine and freshwater
• cause Red Tides

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Chrysophyta -- Diatoms

• food stored as leucosin oily glucose polymer
  responsible for oil deposits
• cell wall of silicon

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DIATOMS

• wall in two overlapping plates a Petri plate
• fresh and marine
• PHYTOPLANKTON
• form Diatomaceous Earth
• filtering medium
• tooth paste
• silver polish

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radial symmetry
Diatoms
bilateral symmetry
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CHRYSOPHYTA GOLDEN BROWN ALGAE Vaucheria

• filaments are multinucleated
• nuclear division is not followed by cell wall
  formation
• sexual reproduction
• exhibit sexual dimorphism

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CHRYSOPHYTA GOLDEN BROWN ALGAE Vaucheria

• Asexual reproduction
• Club-shaped sporangia produce a single large
  zoospore which is multiflagellated
• Zoospore swims around and settles, withdraws
  flagella, germinates, and produces a new filament

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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN Vaucheria
MULTINUCLEATE FLAGELLATED ZOOSPORE
CLUB -SHAPED SPORANGIUM
ZOOSPORE
ZOOSPORE SETTLES DOWN AND LOSES FLAGELLA
NEW COENOCYTIC FILAMENT
COENOCYTIC FILAMENT
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CHLOROPHYTA--GREEN ALGAE

• ancestors of land plants
• chlorophyll a and b
• cell wall of cellulose
• store food as starch
• marine and freshwater
• associate with fungi to form lichens

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CHLOROPHYTA

• Protococcus
• OCCURS AS SINGLE CELLS OR IN SMALL CLUMPS OF
  CELLS
• LIVES ON MOIST BARK OF TREES OR MOIST ROCKS
• REPRODUCES ONLY ASEXUALLY BY CELL DIVISION
• CELLS SPHERICAL WITH A
  NUCLEUS AND ONE LARGE
  LOBED CHLOROPLAST

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CHLOROPHYTA - Chlorella

• unicellular, spherical
• large cup-shaped chloroplast
• space study -- for food and O2 production
• moist soil, fresh and marine
• sexual reproduction only
• form 16 nonmotile spores within parent cell
• parent cell ruptures releasing 16 spores

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CHLOROPHYTA -- Chlamydomonas

• unicellular with 2 flagella
• cup-shaped chloroplasts with pyrenoids
• has stigma (eyespot)
• freshwater
• Haplontic Life Cycle
• In sexual reproduction, isogametes fuse to form
  2N zygote
• In asexual reproduction, flagellated ZOOSPORES
  are produced inside and released

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CHLOROPHYTA--Volvox

• Motile, spherical colony of hundreds of
  Chlamydomonas-like cells
• Asexual reproduction
• A surface cell drops inside the ball and by
  mitosis produces daughter colony.
• Parent colony eventually bursts to release
  daughter colonies.

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CHLOROPHYTA--Volvox

• Haploid egg and sperm from within the parent
  colony.
• Sperm and egg fuse to form a diploid zygote.
• The zygote undergoes meiosis to produce 4 haploid
  nuclei within the zygote. Only one nucleus
  survives. It is released as a spore from the
  zygote and produces a new haploid colony by
  mitosis.

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CHLOROPHYTA--Volvox

• Some DIVISION OF LABOR within the colony
• Vegetative cells
• Sperm-producing cells
• Egg-producing cells
• Daughter colony producing cells

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CHLOROPHYTA--SPIROGYRA

• filamentous
• each cell with spiral chloroplasts
• forms green scum in ponds
• pyrenoids (sites of starch storage) occur in the
  chloroplast
• asexual reproduction by fragmentation of the
  filament.

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CHLOROPHYTA - SPIROGYRA

• Sexual reproduction is by conjugation of
  isogametes
• Two haploid filaments line up side by side.
• Conjugation tube forms between two cells.
• The contents of one cell moves through the
  conjugation tube and fuses with the contents of
  the other diploid zygote.
• Thick-walled zygospore is formed and over winters
  at bottom of water.

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CHLOROPHYTA - SPIROGYRA

• In spring, the zygospore undergoes meiosis to
  produce 4 haploid nuclei.
• Only one survives and divides by mitosis to make
  a new vegetative filament.

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CHLOROPHYTA--Ulothrix

• filamentous fresh-water alga
• has specialized cells for reproduction
• flagellated isogametes
• asexual reproduction by zoospore production

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CHLOROPHYTA - Odegonium

• filamentous fresh-water algae
• some cells of the filament become oogonia
  (egg-producing structures)
• some cells become antheridia (sperm-producing
  structures
• exhibit sexual and asexual reproduction

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PHAEOPHYTA-Brown Algae

• multicellular seaweeds adapted to cold ocean
  water
• Fucoxanthin brown pigment
• food stored as oils and the polysaccharide
  laminarin
• most structurally complex algae
• show tissue differentiation
• body is a flat thin thallus

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PHAEOPHYTA-Brown Algae

• source of iodine algin used in ice cream
• exhibit the Diplohaplontic Life Cycle (as do the
  higher plants)

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PHAEOPHYTA--Fucus

• Fucus (rockweed)
• flat and forking thallus
• found in coastal waters
• holdfasts for anchorage
• air bladders for bouyancy
• receptacles contain conceptacles which produce
  gametes

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RHODOPHYTA- Red Algae

• seaweeds of warmer waters
• phycoerythrin red pigment
• found at great depths
• food stored as floridean starch
• gelatinous substance coats the thallus source
  of agar

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RHODOPHYTA- Red Algae

• cellulose in cell wall
• complex sexual life cycle
• take calcium from seawater and deposit it in
  their cell walls as calcium carbonate
• contribute to coral reef formation