RISET MENUJU KEMANDIRIAN

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RISET MENUJU KEMANDIRIAN

• Suatu Paradigma untuk mendekatkan riset dengan
  hasil riset yang dapat menjadi komoditas yang
  diperlukan masyarakat/pasar
• Pilar 1.
• Riset harus merancang metodologi dan bersemangat
  sedemikan rupa sehingga hasil risetnya segera
  kelak (terukur waktunya) dapat menjadi komoditas
  iptek yang diperlukan masyarakat/pasar lihat
  diagram
• Pilar 2.
• Ilmu Pengetahuan dan teknologi ditumbuhkan
  terpadu dengan bersifat Cost Center (TEORI)
  mendapat dukungan dana dari yang Surplus Center
  (TERPADU) dan Profit Center (INDUSTRIAL). Untuk
  itu pengelola insentif riset perlu menciptakan
  mekanisme ini. lihat diagram

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RISET MENUJU KEMANDIRIAN

• Pilar 3
• Komoditas Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi
• Khasanah IPTEK,
• 1. Terbitan
• Sejarah IPTEK, Filsafat IPTEK, Buku
  pintar,
• Buku teks
• 2. Pelatihan
• 3. Seminar dan Kongres
• b. Konsultasi
• Produk Intelektual dan produk teknologi
• Pilar 4.
• Berdasarkan 3 pilar di atas maka dapat disusun
  Sistem Pengembangan Sumberdaya Manusia di
  Institusi tersebut

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ALUR KERJA PENELITIAN,PENGEMBANGAN DAN
PENERAPAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN DAN TEKNOLOGI
MODIFIKASI MODEL
PERILAKU TEORETIK TERUKUR
Tidak
MODEL TEORI
RUMUSAN PERILAKU
KHASANAH IPTEK
FENOMENA, RANCANGAN BARU, ATAU PERSOALAN YANG
DIBAHAS
- HUKUM ALAM, - PRINSIP-PRINSIP, - RANCANGAN
DASAR
METODE PENGUKURAN DAN PENGOLAHAN DATA
Ya
KONSEP PENGUKURAN LANGSUNG DAN TAK LANGSUNG
PERILAKU EMPIRIS
FENOMENA RANCANGAN BARU ATAU PERSOALAN TERJELASKAN
INSTRUMENTASI RANCANGAN PENGUKURAN
HUKUM, PRINSIP-PRINSIP, ATAU RANCANGAN DASAR
TEMUAN, INOVASI, INVENSI
PREDIKSI REALISASI RANCANGAN
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DANA
TEORI
TERAPAN
TERAPAN
PASAR
PASAR
Industrial
Industrial
DANA
industrial
DUKUNGAN DANA Gambar 2. Kerucut (berlapis)
Pertumbuhan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi
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KEGIATAN PRODUKTIF TERPADU

• a. TRIDHARMA PERGURUAN TINGGI
• TERPADU, PRODUKTIF DAN TERUKUR
• DIKLAT. LOKAKARYA
• KONSULTASI, JASA IPTEK
• BUKU PINTAR, DSB
• CATATAN, BUKU
• PENDIDIKAN S2,S3
• POST DOCTORAL

PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT
MASALAH BARU
PENDIDIKAN MASYARAKAT
STUDI KASUS
METODE PENERAPAN
DASAR YANG KUAT
PENDIDIKAN
PENELITIAN
KHASANAH BARU
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b. PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN TERPADU-PRODUKTIF-T
ERUKUR

• PROBLEM SOLVING
• RANCANGAN
• PRODUKSI

PASAR, MASYARAKAT
OPERSIONAL PRODUKTIF PENERAPAN IPTEK
KEMAMPUAN
FENOMENA
KASUS TERAPAN
METODE
PENELITIAN IPTEK
ALIH IPTEK
DASAR YANG KUAT
KHASANAH BARU

• PENGEMBANGAN IPTEK
• PUBLIKASI,HKI

• CATATAN, BUKU
• DIKLAT
• PASCA SARJANA
• POST DOCTORAL

PASAR

• BUDAYA CERDAS
• KEMAJUAN TEKNOLOGI/
• INDUSTRI

PASAR

• KUALITAS SDM

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Dokter Gigi Amalgam
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Toxicity and Health Effects of Mercury

• Dental amalgam contains about 50 mercury, as
  well as other toxic metals such as
  tin,copper,nickel, palladium, etc.
• The average filling has 1 gram of mercury and
  leaks mercury vapor continuously due to mercury's
  low vapor pressure along with loss due to
  galvanic action of mercury with dissimilar metals
  in the mout, resulting in significant exposure
  for most with amalgam fillings
• Mercury vapor is transmitted rapidly throughout
  the body, easily crosses cell membranes, and like
  organic methyl mercury has significant toxic
  effects at much lower levels of exposure than
  other inorganic mercury forms
• According to the U.S. EPA ATSDR,
• mercury is among the top 3 toxic substances
  adversely affecting large numbers of people
• amalgam is the number one source of exposure for
  most people

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Mercury is the most toxic of the toxic metals

• Mercury (vapor) is carried by the blood to cells
  in all organs of the body where it
• is cytotoxic(kills cells
• penetrates and damages the blood brain barrier
  resulting in accumulation of mercury and other
  toxic substances in the brain also accumulates in
  the motor function areas of the brain and CNS.
• is neurotoxic(kills brain and nerve cells)
  damages brain cells and nerve cells
• is immunotoxic (damages and inhibits immune
  T-cells, B-cells, neutrophil function, etc.)) and
  induces ANA antibodies and autoimmune disease
• is nephrotoxic(toxic to kidneys
• is endocrine system-disrupting chemical
• exposure to mercury vapor (or methyl mercury)
  causes rapid transmittal through the placenta to
  the fetus
• reproductive and developmental toxin
• prenatal/early postnatal exposure affects level
  of nerve growth factor in the brain,impairs
  astrocyte function, and causes imbalances in
  development of brain  
• causes cardiovascular damage and disease.
• causes immune system damage
• causes interruption of the cytochromeC oxidase
  system/ATP energy
• inhibition of immune system facilitates increased
  damage by bacterial, viral, and fungal infections
  
• mercury causes significant destruction of stomach
  and intestine epithelial cells,
• forming strong bonds with and modification of
  the-SH groups of proteins causes mitochondrial
  release of calcium

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the extreme toxicity of mercury,

• only ½ gram is required to contaminate a 10 acre
  lake to the extent that a health warning would be
  issued by the government to not eat the fish

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depression related to mercury

• Mercury reduces the level of posterior pituitary
  hormone (oxytocin).
• The pituitary glands of a group of dentists had
  800 times more mercury than controls
• This may explain why dentists have much higher
  levels of emotional problems, depression,
  suicide,etc
• Low levels of pituitary function are associated
  with depression and suicidal thoughts, and appear
  to be a major factor in suicide of teenagers and
  other vulnerable groups.
• Amalgam fillings, nickel and gold crowns are
  major factors in reducing pituitary function

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Elemental Mercury

• An average amalgam filling contains over ½ gram
  of mercury, and the average adult had at least 5
  grams of mercury in fillings (unless most has
  vaporized).
• Mercury in solid form is not stable, having low
  vapor pressure and being subject to galvanic
  action with other metals in an oral environment
• within 10 years up to half has been found to have
  been transferred to the body of the host
• Elemental mercury vapor is more rapidly
  transmitted throughout the body than most other
  forms of mercury and has more much toxic effects
  on the CNS and other parts of the body than
  inorganic mercury due to its much greater
  capacity to cross cell membranes,

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Amalgam Pregnant Women

• The level of mercury in the tissue of the fetus,
  new born, and young children is directly
  proportional to the number of amalgam surfaces in
  the mother's mouth.
• The level of mercury in umbilical cord blood and
  placenta was higher than that in mother's blood
• The level of mercury in maternal hair was
  significantly correlated to level of mercury in
  nursing infants
• a 60 increase in average cord blood mercury
  level

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Amalgam the Fetus

• Mercury from amalgam fillings is transferred to
  the fetus of pregnant women and children who
  breast feed at levels often higher than those of
  the mother
• Mercury has an effect on the fetal nervous system
  at levels far below that considered toxic in
  adults, and background levels of mercury in
  mothers correlate significantly with incidence of
  birth defects and still births
• Mercury vapor exposure causes impaired cell
  proliferation in the brain and organs, resulting
  in reduced volume for cerebellum and organs and
  subtle deficiencies

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Amalgam the Children

• The saliva and feces of children with amalgams
  have approximately 10 times the level of mercury
  as children without and much higher levels in
  saliva after chewing.
• Children with amalgam fillings had urine mercury
  level 4 times that of a control group without
  amalgams
• a significant correlation between urine mercury
  level and number of amalgam fillings

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Amalgam the Dentists

• Subtle neurological effects have been well
  documented that affect most dentists and dental
  assistants, with measurable effects among those
  in the lowest levels of exposure.
• Mercury levels of dental personnel average at
  least 2 times that of controls for hair
• Mercury excretion levels were found to have a
  positive correlation with
• the number of amalgams placed or replaced per
  week,
• the number of amalgams polished each week,
• and with the number of fillings in the dentist

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Amalgam the Dentists Autopsy

• High body accumulation in dental workers
• levels in pituitary gland and thyroid over 10
  times controls and
• levels in renal cortex 7 times controls
• levels of mercury
• pituitary gland 4,040 ppb.
• Brain occipital cortex 300 ppb
• Renal cortex 2110 ppb)
• Thyroid 28,000 ppb
• Dental assistants and women dental workers showed
  higher levels of mercury than male dentists

The Swedish safety guideline for mercury in urine
is 5.6 nmol Hg/mmol (11.6 ug/L).
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• Eksitasi atom/ion gas Hg karena ditumbuk sinar
  ultraviolet dari lubang ozon (? lt240 nm)
  membentuk ion () radikal bebas
• Teori
• Hg ? ? Hg
  e
• Gas (? lt240 nm) gas
• radikal berenergi
• Hg M ? Hg
  M h
• molekul
  energi hilang
• atau
• atom

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Hg sebagai SENSITIZER
gland (Pituitari) Pineal Adrenalin
diabetes
heavy metal
Bones
Leukimia Thalasemia Lupus SLE
Sentisizer Hg / Hg. e- and other compounds
mechanism
C
DNA
B
HG?.
A
Oe2? Oe2(-)
CG AT mutagenic
H2O
8 HOdg
Lipid H abstraction
Oe2T
DNA/ HG?. damage
DNA damage
Lipid-O2
protein damge (biradicals) (AAA?)n
Metabolism Krebs Cycle damage
Transmembran protein
BCRA Sequence peptide forming AA associated
biradicals
Aßpeptide
APP
cancer / HG?.
A mechanism
AA-associated Biradicals of Amino Acid radicals
(AAA?)
Cancer genesis
cancer
A
Reaction B start
Tissue deposit of rigid
Terminal deposite
Alzheimer disease
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SUMBER Hg DAN LOGAM BERAT DI INDONESIA

• Mineral sulfida yang mengandung emas, pasti akan
  ada PbS, CuS, HgS.
• Placer endapan pasir pantai dari butir-butir
  logam berat termasuk Hg
• Produksi semua minyak bumi membawaPb
• Produksi semua gas bumi membawa uap Hg
• Makanan laut
• Amalgam

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