The Appendicular Skeleton

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The Appendicular Skeleton

• The Lower Extremity

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The Appendicular Skeleton

• Consists of
• The bones of the upper extremities (60)
• The bones of the pectoral girdles (joint that
  attaches upper extremities to the torso) (4)
• The bones of the lower extremities (60)
• The bones of the pelvic girdles (joint that
  attaches lower extremities to the torso) (2)
• TOTAL 126 bones

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1. The Pelvic Girdle

• L R
• Each pelvic girdle consists of a single bone
  called the os coxae or the hip bone
• Each os coxae is result of the fusion of 3
  separate bones
• Fusion is usually completed by end of 2nd decade
  of life.

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Os Coxae

• Comprised of 3 fused bones
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis

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The Pelvis
4 bones
sacrum
os coxae

os coxae
coccyx
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Ilium
Iliac crest Iliac fossa Anterior superior iliac
spine (ASIS)
7
Ilium
8
Ischium

• A V-shaped bone
• Most inferior
• portion of pelvis

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Ischium
Ischial ramus
Obturator foramen
Ischial tuberosity
10
Pubis
Borders
Shape
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Pubis
Pubic crest
Pubic angle
12
Pubis
Pubic symphysis
13
Pubis
Superior pubic rami
Inferior pubic ramus (rami)
14
Acetabulum
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Acetabulum
L to M
All 3 bones contribute to the formation of the
acetabulum
Acetabulum
Accomodates the head Of the femur
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Acetabulum
Identify the acetabulum and the head of the femur.
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Differences betweenmale and female pelvis
Male
Female
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Sacrum doesnt projectanteriorly into female
pelvic inlet
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Ilium laterally flairedin female
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Pubic angle greater in female
90 degrees of less
100 degrees or more
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Femur

• The only bone in the thigh
• Longest, heaviest and strongest bone of the body

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Femur
P to A
A to P
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Femur (A to P)
2
1
3
4
1. 2. 3. 4.
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Femur (P to A)
1
2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
4
3
5
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Femur (P to A)

• Medial epicondyle
• Medial condyle
• Lateral epicondyle
• Lateral condyle

1
3
2
4
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Femur (A to P)
Patellar surface
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Patella
Articulates with patellar surface of femur
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Bones of the Knee Joint

• How many bones make
• up the knee joint? Name
• them.
• How many bones make
• up the elbow joint? Name
• them.

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Bones of the Leg

• 2 parallel bones
• Tibia (medial)
• Fibula (lateral)

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Tibia (A to P)
1
2

• Medial condyle
• Lateral condyle
• Tibial tuberosity
• Anterior crest
• Medial malleolus
• Articular surface
• with talus

3 4
5
6
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Tibia (P to A)
Note where head of fibula articulates with tibia.
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Fibula (P to A)

• Head
• Lateral malleolus

1
2
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Bones of the Ankle and Foot

• Tarsal bones (7) form ankle and proximal foot
• Metatarsals (5) sole of the foot (under the
  shoelaces)
• Phalanges (14) bones of the toes (same
  configuration as phalanges of hand..big toe only
  has 2 phalanges)

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Bones of the Ankle and Foot (S to I)
(14)
(5)
(7)
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Talus
Talus articulates w/ the tibia. Talus is
the major weight bearing bone of the foot.
Congenital clubfoot can be caused by a
malformation of the talus.
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Talus and Calcaneus
Talus
Calcaneus is the heel bone