PowerPointpresentatie

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9th International Symposium on Substance Abuse
Treatment
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The History and background of the European
Therapeutic Communities

• Eric Broekaert

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• Broekaert, E., Vanderplasschen, W., Temmerman,
  I., Ottenberg, D., Kaplan, C. (2000).
  Retrospective study of similarities and relations
  between the American drug-free and the European
  therapeutic communities for children and adults.
  Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32(4), 407-417.
• Eric Broekaert, Kathy Colpaert, Veerle Soyez,
  Wouter Vanderplasschen, Stijn Vandevelde.
  Transatlantic Dialectics A study on similarities
  and dissimilarities in approaches to substance
  abuse problems in the United States and Europe.
  Submitted to Therapeutic Communities The
  International Journal for Therapeutic and
  Supportive Organizations.

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Early TCs In Europe

• World War II Innovation of psychiatry
• Northfield experiments
• Treatment of psychiatric casualties of war
• Dealing with psychiatric problems in social
  settings

Harold Bridger
A transitional space of experience
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Maxwell Jones Social learning is
complicated and painfull
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Early roots of the drug-free TC

• Jewish-Hellenistic communities
• Early Christian society
• The Oxford-groups
• Moral Rearmement
• AA-movement

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The Oxford-groups Dr. Frank N.D. Buchman A
search for spiritual authority
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Charles Dederich Today is the first day of
the rest of your life
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Synanon the cradle of the drug-free TC
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History of Synanon

• Founded in 1958
• Roots in AA
• Intitial goals rehabilitation and integration
• Praised by press and government
• Three different movements
• From 1958 till 1968 Synanon as therapeutic
  movement
• From 1969 till 1975 Synanon as social movement
• From 1975 till 1991 Synanon as religious movement

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Synanon as therapeutic movement

• Treatment goals behavioural change, pursue
  honesty and openness, self reliance and
  actualisation, unity of group,
• Principle of exomologis gt encounter groups gt
  games
• The game
• an uninhibited conversation,
• an arena for discussing all human
  feelings,community issues and the relationships
  among people
• Hierarchic structure of the organisation the
  Games powerful means to change ones personality

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Ideologies

• Humanistic Psychology
• Judeo-christianism
• Zen
• Alternative Utopia
• Utopian Socialism
• Emerson idealistic transcendentalism
• Syanon Prayer
• Synanon Philosophy

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Synanon as social movement

• In 1969, research indicated few people graduated
  and rehabilitated
• Introduction of Lifestylers
• Growing economic enterprise
• Synanon school

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Synanon as religion

• In 1975 other goals
• More strict living rules Strong control of
  Synanon members
• Experiments changing partners, provocation of
  abortion, violation of zone rules and abuse of
  children
• Storing of weapons, beating defectors, and
  attempting to murder a proclaimed enemy
• Numerous Lawsuites
• Fraude
• Dissolution of Synanon in 1991

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Expansion of Synanon methodology

• Mid 1960s
• the self-help model was taken up and further
  developed by concept TCs such as
• Daytop and Phoenix House, New York.
• Under the inspiring leadership of Msgr. O Brian
  and Charles Devlin of Daytop and Mitch Rosenthal
  of Phoenix House, it quickly spread throughout
  the United States.

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Msgr William OBrien
Charles J. Devlin
You can not do it alone
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European TC pioneers

• Professionals
• different therapeutic schools and visions
• Influences of the democratic TC approach of
  Maxwell Jones
• Anti-psychiatry
• 1970s-ideologies
• Ithaca (Greece)
• De Sleutel (Belgium)
• Release collectives (Germany)
• Free Christiana (Denmark)
• Humanist Christian traditions

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Yuan Parés y Plans
Don Mario Picchi
Progetto per l Uomo
I am like a sail, I catch the wind
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Dr. Donald Ottenberg Taking decisions in a life
that is valued
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• Adaptation of American TC model to own culture
• Evolution towards more empathic behaviour
  modification and dialogue
• More professionalism

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New Management

• Mid 1980s
• Aids epidemic and rapid spread of drugs
• Methadone treatment and harm reduction programmes
  became more favourable
• New Management
• Focus on efficiency, efficacy, continuity of care
  and collaboration
• Survival of TCs differs from country to country
• Expansion of TC approach to different target
  groups

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Post Modern Times
Michel Foucault To change something in the
minds of people
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New Challenges

• Unpredictability
• Harm reduction models
• Experiments with controlled drug use
• Switzerland
• Germany
• The Netherlands
• Adaptation of European TCs to principles such
  as
• Inclusion of the most vulnerable of society
• Collaborative actions between residents and
  staff
• Emancipation and Self-advocacy

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Research in European TCs
George De Leon
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• 1970s
• Believe in absolute power of TC concept
• Resistant to evaluative studies
• Reluctant to researchers from the outside
• Follow-up studies
• First scientific studies
• Performed by TC members or the founding directors

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• 1980s
• First research-practice breakthrough
• EWODOR (1983)
• Led by Rowdy Yates
• EFTC (1978)
• Led by Anthony Slater
• Promotion of analytic empirical based evaluation
  and follow-up studies
• Collaboration with External researchers