Arenguuuringud 4. hiskonna areng. Ksitlused, hindajad, vaatepunktid, andmebaasid

1
Arengu-uuringud4. Ühiskonna areng. Käsitlused,
hindajad, vaatepunktid, andmebaasid

• Mati Heidmets
• 2008 sügissemester

2
Ühiskonna areng

• Kas 21 sajandi Eesti on arenenum kui 19 sajandi
  Eesti? Kas Euroopa aastal 2008 on arenenum kui
  Euroopa aastal 1898?
• Mis on arenenud ühiskonna tunnused?
• Ühiskond sarnaste tunnustega (keel, kultuur,
  mälu, territoorium ) inimeste vaheline püsiv
  suhtevõrgustik, mida toetavad ühised
  institutsioonid (õigusemõistmine, korratagamine,
  kirik, riigivõim ) ning mille kaudu
  ühiskonnaliikmed ennast määratlevad
• Jaotus arenenud maailmaks ja arenguriikideks?
  Kust pärit, kellele vajalik?
• Arengutelg - valdav viis kategoriseerida ja
  hoiakuid kujundada

3
Arengusuuna otsingud

• Tõdemus inimühiskond oma ajaloo jooksul pidevalt
  muutunud (kohanenud sise- ja väliskeskkonnale)
• Kas on olemas ühtne muutuste suund, kuidas seda
  defineerida, kuidas hinnata?
• Teaduslikus kontekstis defineerida püütud alates
  19 saj keskpaigast, tõukeks darwinism,
  evolutsionism, arenguparadigma
• Järgnev lühipilk arengusuuna otsingutele alates
  19 saj lõpust tänased arenguhindajad,
  lähenemised, andmebaasid

4
Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

• Auguste Comte areng inimese (inimkonna) tarkus
  mõista looduses toimuvat. Liikumissuund - hirmult
  ja müütidelt arusaamisele ja loodusjõudude
  ärakasutamisele
• Auguste Comte, known as father of sociology,
  formulated the law of three stages human
  development progresses from the theological
  stage, in which nature was mythically conceived
  and man sought the explanation of natural
  phenomena from supernatural beings, through
  metaphysical stage in which nature was conceived
  of as a result of obscure forces and man sought
  the explanation of natural phenomena from them
  until the final positive stage in which all
  abstract and obscure forces are discarded, and
  natural phenomena are explained by their constant
  relationship. This progress is forced through
  the development of human mind, and increasing
  application of thought, reasoning and logic to
  the understanding of the world

5
Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
6
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

• Herbert Spencer liikumine jõuühiskonnast
  huviühiskonna suunas. Tsentraliseeritud
  allutamiselt vabatahtliku koostöö ja iseenese
  vaoshoidmiseni. Sotsiaaldarvinist, olelusvõitlus
  ühiskonnas, mõnu vs valu, arengu eesmärk -
  perfektsionism
• Herbert Spencer, who believed that society was
  evolving toward increasing freedom for
  individuals, differentiated between two phases of
  development, focusing on the type of internal
  regulation within societies. Thus he
  differentiated between military and industrial
  societies. The earlier, more primitive military
  society has a goal of conquest and defence, is
  centralised, economically self-sufficient,
  collectivistic, puts the good of a group over
  the good of an individual, uses compulsion, force
  and repression, rewards loyalty, obedience and
  discipline.
• The industrial society has a goal of production
  and trade, is decentralised, interconnected with
  other societies via economic relations, achieves
  its goals through voluntary cooperation and
  individual self-restraint, treats the good of
  individual as the highest value, regulates the
  social life via voluntary relations, values
  initiative, independence and innovation

7
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
8
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

• Emile Durkheim liikumine mehhaaniliselt, jõuga
  kooshoitavalt ja seetõttu repressiivselt
  ühiskonnalt indiviidikeskse, spetsialiseerunud ja
  tööjaotusel baseeruva nn orgaanilise ühiskonna
  suunas
• Emile Durkheim, another of the "fathers" of
  sociology, has developed a dichotomal view of
  social progress. His key concept was social
  solidarity, as he defined the social evolution
  in terms of progressing from mechanical
  solidarity to organic solidarity. In mechanical
  solidarity, people are self-sufficient, there is
  little integration and thus there is the need for
  use of force and repression to keep society
  together. In organic solidarity, people are much
  more integrated and interdependent and
  specialisation and cooperation is extensive.
  Progress from mechanical to organic solidarity is
  based first on population growth and increasing
  population density, second on increasing
  "morality density" (development of more complex
  social interactions) and thirdly, on the
  increasing specialisation in workplace. To
  Durkheim, the most important factor in the social
  progress is the division of labour.

9
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
10
Ferdinand Tönnies (1855-1936)

• Tönnies liikumine reguleerimata,
  mitteformaalsest (kaootilisest) ühiskonnast
  normistatud ja standardiseeritud ühiskonna
  suunas (vrdl N.Elias!)
• Ferdinand Tönnies describes the evolution as the
  development from informal society, where people
  have many liberties and there are few laws and
  obligations, to modern, formal rational society,
  dominated by traditions and laws and are
  restricted from acting as they wish. He also
  notes that there is a tendency of standardisation
  and unification, when all smaller societies are
  absorbed into the single, large, modern society.
  Thus Tönnies can be said to describe part of the
  process known today as the globalization.
  Tönnies was also one of the first sociologists to
  claim that the evolution of society is not
  necessarily going in the right direction, that
  the social progress is not perfect, and it can
  even be called a regress as the newer, more
  evolved societies are obtained only after paying
  a high cost, resulting in decreasing satisfaction
  of individuals making up that society.

11
Ferdinand Tönnies (1855-1936)
12
Max Weber (1864-1920)

• Maw Weber
• liikumine karismaatiliselt ja
  traditsiooniliselt domineerimistüübilt
  ratsionaalse domineerimistüübi suunas
• Max Webers theory of tripartite classification
  of authority can be viewed as an evolutionary
  theory as well. Weber distinguishes three ideal
  types of political leadership, domination, and
  authority charismatic domination (familial and
  religious), traditional domination (patriarchs,
  patrimonalism, feudalism) and legal (rational)
  domination (modern law and state, bureaucracy).
  He also notes that legal domination is the most
  advanced, and that societies evolve from having
  mostly traditional and charismatic authorities to
  mostly rational and legal ones.

13
Max Weber (1864-1920)
14
Lev Gumiljov (1912-1992)

• Ühiskonna (etnose) elukaar ja elutsüklid.
  Arengutee?!
• Etnost kooshoidev jõud passionaarsus.
  Samastumine, ühishuvi kõrgemaleseadmine,
  ohvrimeelsus. Võime ja soov ennast ohverdada
  illusiooni eest!
• Etnose elutsükkel ca 1200 aastat, läbib 6
  staadiumit
• Passionaarne tõuge, dünaamiline
  kujunemisprotsess, passionaarsuse langus,
  etnilise inertsi faas, lagunemisfaas,
  mälestustefaas
• Passionaarsus looduslik nähtus

15
Lev Gumiljov (1912-1992)
16
Tänaseks mõtteliinid hargnenud ...

• Sotsiobioloogia paralleelselt toimunud
  bioloogiline ja sotsiokultuuriline evolutsioon
• Sociobiologists have argued for a dual
  inheritance theory, which posits that humans are
  products of both biological evolution and
  sociocultural evolution, each subject to their
  own selective mechanisms and forms of
  transmission (i.e. in the case of biology, genes,
  and cultural evolutionary units are often called
  memes).
• Tsivilisatsiooniteoreetikud väline kontroll
  sisemiseks sunniks
• Valikuvabaduse apologeedid individuaalsed
  valikud vs väline surve
• Varia. Current political theories of the new
  tribalists consciously mimic ecology and the
  life-ways of indigenous peoples, argumenting them
  with modern sciences. Ecoregional Democracy
  attempts to confine the "shifting groups", or
  tribes, within "more or less clear boundaries"
  that a society inherits from the surrounding
  ecology, to the borders of a naturally occurring
  ecoregion.

17
... ja pilt kirju

• Postindustrialiseerumine tehnokraatia ja
  pragmatism, teenindusmajandus, IT-domineerimine,
  uus hierarhia (spetsialistid)
• In 1974 Daniel Bell, author of The Coming of
  Post-Industrial Society, introduced the concept
  of postindustrial society. Like many more
  classical evolutionists, he divided the history
  of humanity into three eras pre-industrial,
  industrial and postindustrial. He predicted that
  by the end of the 20th century, United States,
  Japan and Western Europe would reach the
  postindustrial stage.
• A.Toffler põllumajandusrevolutsioon (10 000 a
  tagasi), industriaalrevolutsioon (19 saj),
  postindustriaalne revolutsioon (20 saj II pool).
  Sisu võimukeskuste ümberpaiknemine jõud
  raha teadmine.
• Moderniseerumine tehnoloogiline areng
  institutsiooniehitus ratsionaalne
  ühiskonnakorraldus
• Theories of modernization have been developed
  and popularized in 1950s and 1960s and are
  closely related to the dependency theory and
  development theory. Western countries are the
  most developed, and rest of the world (mostly
  former colonies) are on the earlier stages of
  development, and will eventually reach the same
  level as the Western world.
• Postmoderniseerumine relativistlik,
  paljusubjektne, ilma suurte narratiivideta,
  arenguteema ei huvita
• Arenguskeptikud Rooma Klubi, ressursside
  ammendumine, kliimasoojenemine

18
Kokkuvõtteks liikumissuuna otsingutel on enam
rõhutamist leidnud

• Inimestevaheliste suhete tüüp indiviid vs
  kooslus, jõud vs kokkulepe, reegel vs suhted
• Suhted looduskeskkonnaga hirm vs teadmine,
  domineerimine vs kaitsmine, tänased huvid vs
  tulevikuhuvid
• Tehnoloogiline areng tehnoloogia,
  institutsiooniehitus, ratsionaalne
  ühiskonnakorraldus, elukvaliteet,
• Trend süvenev spetsialiseerumine
  arengukäsitlustes ja arenguhindamises. Eraldi
  majandusareng, vabaduse laienemine, inimareng,
  tervis, haridus, korruptsioon
• 19 sajandi lõpu ja 20 saj esimese poole suure
  pildi asemele palju väikeseid. Suur
  (arengu)narratiiv pudenenud paljudeks väikesteks
  jutukesteks. Vaikne eeldus ideaal on olemas nn
  arenenud lääne kujul, teised vaja järele tuua
  (F.Fukuyama!)

19
Tänased arenguhindajad

• Palju vaatepunkte, igal oma tegijad, mõõtjad,
  hindajad
• Kuidas orienteeruda, keda usaldada, keda tõsiselt
  võtta?
• Järgnev olulisemad tegijad tänapäeva
  arenguhindamises. Valik tuntuse, mõjukuse,
  usaldusväärsuse alusel. Need, kellel oma
  konstrukt! Valik nagu ikka subjektiivne.
• Rahvusvahelised organisatsioonid - kombinatsioon
  teaduslikust lähenemisest ja poliitiliselt
  mõjukusest
• Olulisemad tegijad, igaühe kohta kes ja miks,
  milline konstrukt, mõõtmisinstrumendid,
  andmebaasid
• Milleks teada võrdlustööstuse tegijaid, kasutada
  andmeid MA töös, lähtematerjal arenguanalüüsiks

20
ÜRO

• Ühinenud Rahvaste Organisatsioon, asutatud 1945,
  192 liikmesriiki. Keskne ülesanne
  arengutoetamine. Organisatsioonide võrgustik üle
  200 ÜRO-ga seotud organisatsiooni
• The UN is involved in supporting development,
  e.g. by the formulation of the Millennium
  Development Goals. The UN Development Programme
  (UNDP) is the largest multilateral source of
  grant technical assistance in the world.
  Organizations like the World Health Organization
  (WHO), UNAIDS, and The Global Fund to Fight AIDS,
  Tuberculosis and Malaria are leading institutions
  in the battle against diseases around the world,
  especially in poor countries. The UN Population
  Fund is a major provider of reproductive
  services. The UN also promotes human development
  through various related agencies. The World Bank
  Group and International Monetary Fund (IMF), for
  example, are independent, specialized agencies
  and observers within the UN framework, according
  to a 1947 agreement.
• ÜRO arengualase tegevuse eesmärgid defineeritud
  MDG-s
• The Millennium Development Goals are eight goals
  that all 192 United Nations member states have
  agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015.This
  was declared in the United Nations Millennium
  Declaration, signed in September 2000. MDG
  eradicate extreme poverty and hunger achieve
  universal primary education promote gender
  equality and empower women reduce child
  mortality improve maternal health combat
  HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases ensure
  environmental sustainability and develop a
  global partnership for development

21
UNDP

• ÜRO Arenguprogramm UNDP http//www.undp.org/ -
  kõige mastaapsem arenguinstrument maailmas
• UNDP tegevussuunad/alaprogrammid
• poverty reduction and achievement of the MDGs
• democratic governance
• crisis prevention and recovery
• environment and sustainable development
• UNDP analüütiline tegevus Inimarengu aruanded
  http//hdr.undp.org/en/
• 2007/2008 globaalne Inimarengu aruanne Fighting
  climate change Human solidarity in a divided
  world
• Nii globaalsed, regionaalsed kui rahvuslikud
  HDR-d saadaval http//hdr.undp.org/en/reports/
• Muud publikatsioonid http//hdr.undp.org/en/repor
  ts/publications/
• Näit Readings in Human Development Concepts,
  Measures and Policies for for a Development
  Paradigm, Oxford, 2007

22
HDR teemad

• 2007/2008 Fighting climate change Human
  solidarity in a divided world
• 2006 Beyond scarcity Power, poverty and the
  global water crisis
• 2005 International cooperation at a
  crossroads Aid, trade and security in an unequal
  world
• 2004 Cultural Liberty in Today's Diverse World
  
• 2003 Millennium Development Goals A compact
  among nations to end human poverty
• 2002 Deepening democracy in a fragmented world
  
• 2001 Making new technologies work for human
  development
• 2000 Human rights and human development
• 1999 Globalization with a Human Face

23
UNDP arenguprogrammide rahaline maht 2007
24
MDG raportid

• Millennium Development Goals http//www.undp.org/
  mdg/
• MDG Progress Report 2008 http//www.undp.org/mdg/
  basics_ontrack.shtml
• Ülevaade eesmärkide saavutamisest riikide kaupa
  http//www.undp.org/mdg/tracking_countryreports2.s
  html
• Andmebaas globaalse arengu hindajatele ja
  käsitlejatele

25
Sõnumid UNDP-lt ja MDG analüütikutelt

• MDG tänapäeva globaalne arengukonstrukt. Sisu
  esitatud eitusena - selle eitamine, mida ei
  soovita vaesus, nälg, harimatus, haigused,
  ebavõrdsus, keskkonna saastamine, osavõtmatus
• Areng ebameeldivate asjade puudumine?!
• Loogika ideaal on leitud, tuleb mahajäänute
  sinnajõudmist toetada?! Sama EL strateegia
  uusliikmete suhtes?!
• Vrdl 19 sajandi arengukäsitlustega?!

26
OECD

• OECD Organisation For Economic Cooperation and
  Development
• Asutatud 1961, peakorter Pariisis, 30
  liikmesriiki, töötajaid ca 2500, eelarve ca 359
  miljonit EUR aastas, peasekretär Angel Gurria,
  ca 250 publikatsiooni aastas. Rikaste riikide
  klubi!
• Mitte segamini ajada - OSCE (The Organization for
  Security and Co-operation in Europe)
• OECD brings together the governments of countries
  committed to democracy and the market
  economy from around the world to          
•    Support sustainable economic growth  
  Boost employment   Raise living standards 
   Maintain financial stability   Assist other
  countries' economic development   Contribute to
  growth in world trade
• Üks suuremaid ja usaldusväärsemaid
  arenguteemaliste andmete kogujaid ja
  analüüsijaid. Samas fookus oluliselt erinev
  UNDP-ga võrreldes. Vaesuse vältimine vs rikkuse
  saavutamine!?
• For more than 40 years, OECD has been one of the
  world's largest and most reliable sources of
  comparable statistics, and economic and social
  data. As well as collecting data, OECD monitors
  trends, analyses and forecasts economic
  developments and researches social changes or
  evolving patterns in trade, environment,
  agriculture, technology, taxation and more. 

27
OECD members and partners

• 30 member countries
• AUSTRALIAAUSTRIA BELGIUM CANADA CZECH
  REPUBLIC DENMARK FINLAND FRANCE GERMANY
  GREECE HUNGARY ICELAND IRELAND ITALY JAPAN

• Countries invited to membership talks
• CHILE
• ESTONIA
• ISRAEL
• RUSSIA
• SLOVENIA

KOREALUXEMBOURGMEXICONETHERLANDSNEW
ZEALANDNORWAYPOLANDPORTUGALSLOVAK
REPUBLICSPAINSWEDENSWITZERLANDTURKEYUNITED
KINGDOMUNITED STATES

• Enhanced engagement
• BRAZIL
• CHINA
• INDIA
• INDONESIA
• SOUTH AFRICA

28
OECDs mission

• Article 1 of the OECD Convention defines the
  Organisations mission as being to
• support economic growth
• boost employment
• raise living standards
• maintain financial stability
• assist other countries economic development
• contribute to growth in world trade

29
OECD tegevussuunad

• Economy
• Competition, Development, Economics and Growth,
  Enterprise, Industry and Services, Regional,
  Rural and Urban Development, Trade 
• Society
• Population, Education, Employment, Social and
  Welfare Issues, Health, Migration 
• Governance
• Corporate Governance, Fighting Corruption, Public
  Governance and Management, Regulatory Reform 
• Finance
• Financial Markets, Insurance and Pensions,
  Investment, Tax
• Innovation
• Biotechnology, Information and Communication
  Technologies, Science and Innovation 
• Sustainability
• Agriculture and Fisheries, Energy, Environment,
  Sustainable Development

30
OECD publikatsioonid

• OECD publikatsioonid http//www.oecd.org/site/
• OECD Factbook 2008
• This is the fourth edition of a comprehensive and
  dynamic statistical annual from the OECD. More
  than 100 indicators cover a wide range of areas
  economy, agriculture, education, energy,
  environment, foreign aid, health and quality of
  life, industry, information and communications,
  population/labour force, trade and investment,
  taxation, public expenditure and RD. This year,
  the OECD Factbook features a focus chapter on
  productivity. Data are provided for all OECD
  member countries with area totals, and in some
  cases, for selected non-member economies.  For
  each indicator, there is a two-page spread. 
• Näide rahvastikustatistikast Age sturcture,
  Life expectancy at birth, Feritlity rate, Infant
  mortality, Foreign population, Health spendings,
  Pharmaceutical expenditure, Acute care beds,
  Practising psysicians, MRI screen units, Tobacco
  consumption, Alcohol consumption

31
OECD haridusstatistika

• Education at a Glance 2008 http//www.oecd.org/
  document/htm
• Parim võrdluspilt haridusest sisseastujad ja
  lõpetajad, väljakukkujad, maksumus, palgad,
  vanemate hoiakud, haridus ja tööturg
• Andmed analüüs. Eesti kõrghariduse ülevaade
  2007. Protseduur kohalik ülevaade külastus
  sõltumatu analüüs
• Osundused Eestile võrdne juurdepääs, rahastamine
  
• Miks nad seda teevad? Oma arengukonstrukt.

32
Näide Keskkooliõpetajate aastapalk riiklikes
õppeasutustes 2006 (USD, PPP)Allikas OECD
Education at a Glance 2008, lk 452

• Luxemburg 125 895
• Korea 84 139
• Soome 53 867
• Portugal 51 552
• Rootsi 38 760
• OECD maad 52 360
• EU 19 53 139

• Sloveenia 32 819
• Tsehhi 29 428
• Tsiili 18 321
• Türgi 15 780
• Eesti 13 922

33
Sõnumid OECD-lt

• Parim arenguabi on teadmine tegelikust olukorrast
  kohaliku võimekuse arendamine
• Toetada neid, kes ise tahavad edeneda, haridus
  keskne instrument
• Jõukus on arengueeldus

34
Transparency Internationalhttp//www.transparency
.org/

• Asutatud 1993, Saksamaal registreeritud
  mittetulundusühing, 90 riigis rahvuslikud
  üksused, idee korruptsioon keskne arengupidur
• Transparency International, the global civil
  society organisation leading the fight against
  corruption, brings people together in a powerful
  worldwide coalition to end the devastating impact
  of corruption on men, women and children around
  the world. TIs mission is to create change
  towards a world free of corruption.
• Transparency International challenges the
  inevitability of corruption, and offers hope to
  its victims. Since its founding in 1993, TI has
  played a lead role in improving the lives of
  millions around the world by building momentum
  for the anti-corruption movement. TI raises
  awareness and diminishes apathy and tolerance of
  corruption, and devises and implements practical
  actions to address it.
• Transparency International is a global network
  including more than 90 locally established
  national chapters and chapters-in-formation.
  These bodies fight corruption in the national
  arena in a number of ways. They bring together
  relevant players from government, civil society,
  business and the media to promote transparency in
  elections, in public administration, in
  procurement and in business. TIs global network
  of chapters and contacts also use advocacy
  campaigns to lobby governments to implement
  anti-corruption reforms

35
TI ülesehitus

• The Transparency International movement consists
  of many elements a world-wide network of
  national chapters, the International Secretariat,
  the Board of Directors, senior advisors and other
  volunteers.
• Board of Directors
• National Chapters
• International Secretariat
• Governance at Transparency International
• Ethics at Transparency International
• Board of Directors
• The Board of Directors is Transparency
  International's central governing body and is
  elected at the Annual Membership Meeting by
  accredited national chapters and individual
  members.
• National Chapters
• National chapters are independent,
  locally-established organisations that actively
  address corruption in their respective countries,
  implementing their own national programmes as
  well as agreed global and regional strategies. TI
  national chapters are also instrumental in
  shaping the movements strategy and policies, and
  often work together on regional priorities.

36
Mis on korruptsioon?

• TI - Korruptsioon on võimu, positsiooni
  kuritarvitamine isiklikes huvides - Corruption is
  the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. It
  hurts everyone whose life, livelihood or
  happiness depends on the integrity of people in a
  position of authority.
• Korruptsiooni liigid poliitiline (poliitik saab
  soosiva otsuse vastu isiklikku kasu), majanduslik
  (firma ostab soodsa detailplaneeringu)
  professionaalne (arst ei puuri ilma kingituseta
  õiget hammast), igapäevaeluline - altkäemaks
  (raha eest eeliseid), nepotism (sugulaste ja
  sõprade edutamine), väljapressimine (ähvarduse
  teel eeliseid), katusepakkumine
• Korruptsioon on kõik see, kus seaduse ja heade
  tavade asemel maksab võim, jõud, isiklik huvi.
  Korruptsiooni piirid?!
• Korruptsioon kardab valgust ja läbipaistvust!

37
TI näited korruptsioonist

• A father who must do without shoes because his
  meagre wages are used to pay a bribe to get his
  child into a supposedly free school.
• The unsuspecting sick person who buys useless
  counterfeit drugs, putting their health in grave
  danger.
• A small shop owner whose weekly bribe to the
  local inspector cuts severely into his modest
  earnings.
• The family trapped for generations in poverty
  because a corrupt and autocratic leadership has
  systematically siphoned off a nations riches.

38
TI näited mastaapsest korruptsioonist

• The prosperous multinational corporation that
  secured a contract by buying an unfair advantage
  in a competitive market through illegal kickbacks
  to corrupt government officials, at the expense
  of the honest companies who didnt.
• Post-disaster donations provided by compassionate
  people, directly or through their governments,
  that never reach the victims, callously diverted
  instead into the bank accounts of criminals.
• The faulty buildings, built to lower safety
  standards because a bribe passed under the table
  in the construction process that collapse in an
  earthquake or hurricane.

39
Korruptsiooni mõju

• TI konstrukt - Korruptsioon toodab autokraatiat,
  vaesust, diskrimineerimist, korruptsioon takistab
  demokraatia arengut, inimõiguste järgimist,
  julgeolekut
• Corruption is both a cause of poverty, and a
  barrier to overcoming it. It is one of the most
  serious obstacles to reducing poverty.
• Corruption denies poor people the basic means of
  survival, forcing them to spend more of their
  income on bribes. Human rights are denied where
  corruption is rife, because a fair trial comes
  with a hefty price tag where courts are
  corrupted.
• Corruption undermines democracy and the rule of
  law.
• Corruption distorts national and international
  trade.
• Corruption jeopardises sound governance and
  ethics in the private sector.
• Corruption threatens domestic and international
  security and the sustainability of natural
  resources.
• Those with less power are particularly
  disadvantaged in corrupt systems, which typically
  reinforce gender discrimination.
• Corruption compounds political exclusion if
  votes can be bought, there is little incentive to
  change the system that sustains poverty.

40
TI mõõtmisinstrumendid

• The annual TI Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI),
  first released in 1995, is the best known of TIs
  tools. It has been widely credited for putting TI
  and the issue of corruption on the international
  policy agenda. The CPI ranks more than 150
  countries in terms of perceived levels of
  corruption, as determined by expert assessments
  and opinion surveys.
• In recent years, TI has sought to develop other
  corruption measurement tools to complement the
  CPI. The Bribe Payers Index (BPI) assesses the
  supply side of corruption and ranks corruption by
  source country and industry sector. The Global
  Corruption Barometer (GCB) is a public opinion
  survey that assesses the general publics
  perception and experience of corruption in more
  than 60 countries around the world
• Indeksite koostis ja mõõtmistulemused vt
  http//www.transparency.org/policy_research/survey
  s_indices/cpi

41
Corruption Perception Index Allikas
http//www.transparency.org/policy_research/survey
s_indices/cpi

• 1-Taani 9,3
• 1-Uus Meremaa 9,3
• 1-Rootsi 9,3
• 4-Singapur 9,2
• 5-Soome 9,0
• 5-Sveits 9,0
• .
• 18-USA 7,3
• 23-Prantsusmaa 6,9
• 26-Sloveenia 6,6
• 26-Eesti 6,6

• 52-Läti 5,0
• 55-Itaalia 4,8
• 58-Leedu 4,6
• 58-Türgi 4,6
• .
• 72-Hiina 3,6
• 85-India 3,4
• .......................................
• 134-Ukraina 2,5
• 147-Venemaa 2,1
• 178-Iraak 1,3
• 180-Somaalia 1,0

42
Korruptsiooni levik maailmas(allikas
Transparency International, 2007)
43
TI sõnumid

• Korruptsiooni vähendamine on arenguvõti
• On see ka ühtlasi võitlus mitteformaalse
  suhtevõrgustikuga, inimkonda sajandeid
  elushoidnud suhte- ja vahetusskeemidega
• Miks TI sellega tegeleb?