Nationalism and Expansionism

1
Nationalism and Expansionism

• Japan and Italy in the 30s

2
Post-WWI

• What was the climate of the world?
• Any new political structures?
• What were the alliances?

3
The Manchurian Incident

• 1920s
• Rising military
• View of military
• Cherry Society
• 1928Zhang Zuolin (Manchurian warlord)
  assassinated
• Hope would trigger a war to control
  Manchuria?failed, but appealed to super-patriots

4
Manchurian Incident

• Emphasis on Manchuria?
• WWI military analysts
• desire to control economic resources
• strategic value against the USSR

5
Manchurian Incident

• 1931time is ripe
• China flooded in Yangtze Valley
• West is depressed
• Masterminded
• Fabricated Chinese assassination attempt on South
  Manchuria Railway Company

6
Manchurian Incident

• Established a puppet state in Manchuria
  (Manchuko)
• 1932
• League of Nations
• Japan isolated from international community
• Germany Italy

7
The Manchurian Incident

• Manchuko
• Continued fighting in China for several weeks
• spring of 1933
• Attempted to control China
• Developed heavy industry base in Manchuria
  Korea
• Full scale war

8
Manchurian Incident
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The 30s, Japan at home

• May 15
• The May 15 perpetrators during trial
• Allowed to expound doctrines
• Given national podium from which to expound the
  selflessness of their motives
• Portrayed selves as martyrs
• Power shift

10
The 30s, Japan at home

• Continued political instability
• Party factional fighting
• Fighting w/in the military
• Army vs. navy
• Manchurian Incident evidence of the breakdown of
  discipline
• Army factionalism (Central War College vs.
  officers training school)

11
The 30s, Japan at home

• Two main factions
• Kodoha, Imperial Way faction?Generals Araki
  Sadao Mazaki Jinzaburo
• Emphasized imperial mystique
• Advocated doctrine of direct imperial rule
• Tosheiha, Control faction?General Nagata
  Tetsuzan
• Proposed total war
• Included Ishiwara Tojo Hideki
• Long-range buildup of economy
• Transform Japan into modern military state

12
Araki Sadao and Tojo Hideki
13
The 30s, Japan at home

• Imperial Way faction eliminated due to
• Mazaki dismissed
• Lt. col. assassinated General Nagata
• Control faction
• Junior Kodoha officers (1000men) seized capital
  killed prominent leaders
• Hope
• Reality

14
The 30s, Japan at home

• Emperor intervened
• Imperial Way faction eliminated, increased armys
  political power
• Feared war w/ USSR
• Signed anti-Cominterm Pact w/ Hitlers Germany in
  December of 1936
• Intensified propaganda indoctrination
• Repressed radical left
• Recover from the worst of the depression

15
China, The Nanjing Decadean Uneasy Peace

• 1927-1937, Nationalist government avoided war
  with Japan
• Only controlled the lower Yangzi Valley
• Dependent upon allegiance of local powerholders
  (Warlords)
• 1930, secured its authority in the North after
  waging costly war against combine armies of 2
  warlords
• Nanjing strengthened victory, but couldnt
  completely subdue the warlords
• Reinforced policy to give highest priority for
  building military strength

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China The Nanjing Decadean uneasy peace

• Nanjing regime problems
• Warlords
• Communists
• Seemed to be growing in power authority, but in
  reality balance of power depended upon region
  (such as Sichuan Provence, where warlords
  remained in power)

17
China The Nanjing Decadean uneasy peace

• Nanjing Decade
• Military emphasis
• 60-80 of spending going to military expenses and
  debt service, with the latter amount about 1/3 of
  spending, illustrating heavy govt borrowing
  civil projects such as road RR contstruction
  for military purposes.
• Attempted to introduce German military doctrines
  to the military

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China The Nanjing Decadean uneasy peace

• Nanjing Decade
• Chiang Kai-shek power on the increase, due to
  close relationship of military who trained at
  Whampoa Military Academy (Blue Shirtssecret
  police group pledge complete obedience to Chiang
  Kai-shek?influenced by European fascism)
• Guomindang didnt revitalize, though
• Weak ideologically
• Emphasis on Confucian revival
• No ideological center around Chiang Kai-shek
• Temporary alliance with CCP for expulsion of
  Japanese
• Long March

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The Long March
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Nanjing Massacre

• Second Sino-Japanese War, July 1937 (merged w/
  WWII in 1941)
• Raping, burning, looting, killing, for 7 straight
  weeks
• Unknown exactly how many died, though the
  official memorial states 300,000
• Reputation for terrible cruelty
• Stiffened Chinese determination to resist
• Continued escalation of the war

21
Nanjing Massacre
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What did the League of Nations do?

• If a member was attacked by another country, the
  League was supposed to come to its aid, but in
  fact the League lacked the strength needed to
  back this up.
• ABSOLUTELY NOTHING!
• Abyssinia (Ethiopia) was a member of the League
  of Nations.

23
Italy saw

• Benito Mussolini, Il Duce
• Served in WWI, wanted military glory for Italy
• Growing militarization for nation
• Wanted to rebuild Rome

24
Italian propaganda Believe, obey, fight.
25
Mussolinis speech for invasion
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Italy came

• Emperor Haile Selassie, Abyssinia (Ethiopia
  today)
• between the two small Italian colonies Eritrea
  and Somaliland.
• Lands were fertile and rich in mineral wealth
• 1935 invasion of Ethiopia
• used poison gas
• disregard for world opinion
• British and French condemnation
• Allies in Germany and Japan

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Haile Selassie Ethiopia
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Ethiopia
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Italy conquered

• summer of 1935, Mussolini amassed troops on the
  Abyssinian border.
• October 1935, he launched a full invasion.
• Haile Selassie appealed to the League for help.
• League intervention was slow, half-hearted and
  ineffective.
• Mussolini conquered Abyssinia, creating an
  Italian East African Empire.
• fatal blow to the League of Nations

30
The worlds view of expansion

• Innocent peoples are being cruelly sacrificed to
  a greed for power and supremacy...Let no one
  imagine that America will escape...There is no
  escape through mere isolation or neutrality...War
  is a contagion, whether it be declared or not. It
  seems unfortunately true that the epidemic of
  lawlessness is spreading. When an epidemic of
  physical disease starts to spread, the community
  joins in a quarantine of the patients in order to
  protect the health of the community against the
  spread of the disease. I call today for a similar
  quarantine. A quarantine of the lawless, a
  quarantine of those that threaten world peace.
• --Franklin Delano Roosevelt, The Quarantine
  Speech, 10/5/37