Expansionism and World War I

1
Chapter 10

• Expansionism and World War I

2
Section 1

• Becoming a World Power

3
A Special Destiny

• Annexto add or attach a new territory to an
  existing country
• U.S.A. should secure new markets (Asia and Latin
  America)
• Use troops to defend new markets
• Racially inferior

4

• Overseas Markets
• Economic motives
• Exports of Am. products rose

• An Anti-imperialist plea (many Am. were against
  imperialism)
• Imperialismthe policy of establishing economic,
  political, and military dominance over weaker
  nations on humanitarian and moral grounds

5
Policies in the Caribbean

• The Big Ditch
• U.S. offered Columbia over 10 million for 6
  miles wide canal zone in Panama
• 1903Panamanians rebelled
• Nov. 4, 1903Panama declared independence
• Panama accepted U.S.s terms for building a canal
• 1914Panama Canal was complete
• http//www.pancanal.com/eng/index.html

6
Expansion of the Monroe Doctrine

• Corollarya proposition added to another as a
  natural consequences or effect
• Roosevelt wanted to keep the Caribbean region
  stable for U.S. investments
• Roosevelt Corollary committed to maintaining
  stability in the Western Hemisphere

7
Dollar Diplomacy

• Diplomacythe art or practice of conducting
  international relations
• William Howard Taft--Dollar Diplomacy-- instead
  of weapons
• U.S. lent to Central America so they could
  pay off debts
• Encouraged entrepreneurial investments

8
Policies in Eastern Asia

• The Chinese Market
• Missionaries convert Chinese to Christianity
• Boxer Rebellion
• 1900
• U.S. military put down Chinese rebels in China
• U.S. businesses wanted access to China
• Manchu dynasty did not want foreigners in China
• http//www.smplanet.com/imperialism/fists.html

9
The Chinese Market (cont.)

• Territorial integritya nations right to protect
  its land and control its trade
• John Hay
• Secretary of State
• Open Door Policy
• China open its doors for all nations in all
  parts of China
• Allow nations to trade in China

10
A War in the Philippines

• Spanish-American War
• U.S. promised to support Philippine independence
  if the Filipinos fought with U.S.A.
• http//www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/

11
A War in the Philippines (cont.)

• Teller Amendment
• Cuba received freedom after the War
• Philippines expected the same
• William McKinley took control of Philippines
• 1900-1906--Philippines/U.S.A. war
• U.S. kept control

12
Balancing Russia and Japan

• Russo-Japanese War
• Both wanted Manchuria
• 1904-1905
• Roosevelt mediated a peace agreement
• Roosevelt did not want one country to get too
  much power in Asia

13
Racial Politics

• With Japanese victory, China and Japan had more
  national and racial pride
• 1908Great White Fleet
• 16 U.S.A. battleships
• Took a trip around the world
• Show U.S. Naval power
• http//www.greatwhitefleet.info/

14
Entanglement With Europe

• Early 1900s U.S. mediated many disputes in
  Europe
• Roosevelt and Taft wanted to keep peace in Europe

15
Section 2

• Watching Europes War

16
Wilsons Foreign Policy

• Self-determinationthe right of all people to
  decide what form of govt. they will live under

17
Revolution in Mexico

• Francisco Madero replaced Porfirio Diaz
• Foreigners plotted to overthrow Madero
• Foreigners wanted Victoriano Huerta
• A coup overthrew Madero
• USA refused to recognize Huerta

18
Revolution in Mexico (cont.)

• Coupthe act of seizing power and overthrowing
  the govt.

19
American Intervention

• U.S.A. began to prepare to remove Huerta
• 1915--Venustiano Carrauza replaced Huerta
• Pancho Villa crossed into New Mexico and killed
  17 Americans

20
American Intervention (cont.)

• U.S. sent troops into Mexico to find Villa
• Jan. 1917Wilson withdrew forces from Mexico.

21
Origins of World War I

• Summer 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was
  assassinated by Gavrilo Princip.
• Ferdinand was heir to Austrian-Hungarian throne.
• Princip was a Serb.

22
Entangling Alliances

• Alliancea pact or association of nations joined
  in a common cause
• Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia)
• Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman
  Empire)

23
Early Years of the War

• July 28, 1914Austria-Hungary declared war on
  Serbia
• Russia came to Serbias aid
• Germany declared war on Russia and France
• Aug. 4, 1914Great Britain declared war on
  Germany
• 1915Italy joined Triple Entente

24
Early Years of the War (cont.)

• Eastern Front
• Russia/Germany
• Mobile
• Western Front
• Belgium/France
• Trench warfare
• http//www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstw
  orldwar/maps/maps.htm

25
Early Years of the War (cont.)

• The U.S.A. stayed neutral during the early years
  of the war.
• Neutralitythe policy of remaining impartial in a
  dispute, including not taking sides in a war

26
The Fields of Death

• Old-fashion strategies and new technology
• Massive infantry offensives
• Most loss of life and property up to that time.
• New weapons
• Automatic machine guns
• Poison gas
• Flamethrowers
• Submarines
• airplanes

27
The Fields of Death (cont.)

• Dogfightsname given to clashes between enemy
  aircraft

28
The Fields of Death (cont.)

• Russian Revolution
• March 1917
• Czar was overthrown
• Vladimir Lenin gained control
• Russia made peace with Germany

29
In the Trenches

• Most of the fighting on the Western Front was
  done from trenches
• Picture on page 308
• By end of WWI, 10 million soldiers died and 20
  million civilians died

30
Struggle for Neutrality

• Emigratedto leave one country to settle in
  another
• Many immigrants in the U.S.A. supported their
  former countries
• President Wilson wanted to remain neutral

31
Myth of Neutrality

• American interests leaned toward Allies
• Ties with Allies were stronger
• American politics and businesses supported Allies

32
Bryan and the Submarines

• William Jennings Bryan
• U.S. Secretary of State
• Germans used submarines on enemy merchant ships
• Wilson warned U.S. citizens about overseas travel

33
Bryan and Submarines (cont.)

• Lusitania
• May 7, 1915
• Germans sunk
• 128 Americans killed

34
Bryan and Submarines (cont.)

• Bryan felt U.S. should now enter WWI
• Wilson wanted to remain neutral

35
Reelection

• 1916 Wilson was reelected
• U.S. was moving closer to entering WWI
• Wilson wanted to have a say in the peace
  settlement

36
Closer to War

• Zimmermann Note
• Jan. 1917
• Germany promised Mexico U.S. territory
• http//net.lib.byu.edu/rdh7/wwi/1917/zimmerman.ht
  ml
• Jan. 31, 1917unrestricted submarine warfare by
  Germans
• April 2, 1917U.S. declared war on Germany

37
Section 3

• World War I There and Here

38
Mobilization

• Mobilizationpreparation for war including both
  military and civilian efforts
• To fund warhigher income taxes and Liberty Bonds
• Conscriptioncompulsory enrollment in military
  service

39
Mobilization (cont.)

• Drafting an Army
• Conscription (draft)
• Men ages 21-30
• Men ages 18-45
• A lottery to decide who went into the military

• Segregating African Americans
• Military was strictly segregated
• NAACPsome become officers
• Some African American troops were integrated with
  French troops

40
Fighting Over There

• General John Pershing
• Arrived late June 1917
• American Expeditionary Forces
• Unprepared for war
• Doughboysnickname for the U.S. infantrymen in WWI

41
The Eastern Front

• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• March 3, 1918
• Peace treaty between Russia and Germany
• U.S. troops strengthened Allied forces and
  Central Powers began to surrender in the fall of
  1918

42
The Expeditionary Forces Role

• Most U.S. soldiers were in France
• March 1918Germany launched a series of
  offensives
• Second Battle of the Marne
• July 1918
• Turning point of WWI
• Allies won and began to advance

43
The Expeditionary Forces Role (cont.)

• November 11, 1918
• Germany signed armistice
• Europeans lost 10 million soldiers and 20 million
  civilians

44
The War Effort at Home

• Unity cooperation
• Conformity slogans
• Patriotism emotion
• Peer pressure
• Propagandaa form of public information used to
  mold public opinion

45
Areas of Help

• Response from the Heartland
• Cooperation of Business
• Cooperation of Labor
• War and Civil Liberties
• Defending Free Speech

46
Areas of Help (cont.)

• Response from the Heartland
• Many crops were sent overseas
• Americans were asked to conserve
• Women/children worked on farms
• Corn from Midwest fed entire nation

• Cooperation of Business
• Small companies cooperated with govt.
• Big businesses formed cooperative committees
• Supervised the purchasing of war supplies and
  granting of contracts
• Profits increased

47
Areas of Help (cont.)

• Cooperation of Labor
• AFL and Womens Trade Union League supported WWI
• Socialist opposed WWI
• AFL membership grew gained 8 hour workday but
  had no-strike contracts

• War Civil Liberties
• Govt. wanted to unify everyone
• Espionage Act of 1917/Sedition Amend.
• Reduced civil liberties illegal to obstruct the
  war effort
• Freedom of speech was reduced
• German Americans suffered

48
Areas of Help (cont.)

• Groups formed to protect the rights of antiwar
  protesters
• Civil Liberties Union (CLU)
• Supreme Court ruled that a citizens freedom of
  speech should only be curbed when the words were
  a clear and present danger (yelling fired in a
  crowded theater)

49
Section 4

• Reshaping the World

50
Points for Peace

• Impact of Bolshevism
• Bolshevisma radical socialist ideology
• Nov. 1917, Bolsheviks gained power in Russia,
  led by Lenin
• Lenin believed in Marxism (Communism)
• World leaders feared the Bolsheviks radical
  message

51
Wilsons Fourteen Points

• Wilsons plan for lasting peace
• Equality of trade
• Territorial integrity
• Adjusting borders
• Freedom of ocean travel and trade
• Open agreements
• Arms reduction
• League of Nations

52
Reaction to the Fourteen Points

• European citizens supported 14 Points
• French and British leaders were against 14 Points
• Great Britain did not want to give up its naval
  power
• France wanted to punish Germany

53
Troubling Treaty

• An Atmosphere of Exclusion
• Big Four
• United States (Wilson)
• France (Georges Clemenceau)
• Great Britain (David Lloyd George)
• Italy (Vittorio Orlando)
• Germany and Russia were left out of peace
  negotiations

54
The Big Four
55
An Atmosphere of Self-Interest

• France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan wanted to
  enjoy the spoils of winning the war (colonies,
  new territories, etc.)
• Italy wanted parts of Austro-Hungarian Empire
• France/Great Britain wanted Germany colonies
• Japan wanted control of the Shandong Province of
  China

56
An Atmosphere of Self-Interest (cont.)

• June 28, 1919
• Treaty of Versailles was signed
• http//www.history.com/media.do?actionclipidmf8
  21_treatyversailles_72
• Only League of Nations had not been rejected

57
Rejection at HomeOpposition in Congress

• Irreconcilables
• opposed League of Nations and would not vote for
  it
• U.S. was better off staying away from European
  influence

• Reservationists
• They would support the League of Nations if
  certain modifications were made to the proposal
• Too vague wording
• Did not want U.S. military to be involved

58
Speaking to the People

• Wilson tried to get the American citizens on his
  side
• Sept. 25, 1919Wilson suffered a stroke
• Senate voted to reject the Treaty of Versailles
  and the League of Nations
• http//www.history.com/media.do?actionclipidtdi
  h_0110

59
Speaking to the People (cont.)

• 1920 election
• Republican Warren G. Harding was elected
• normalcy back to U.S.A.
• http//www.history.com/media.do?actionclipidpre
  sidents_harding_broadband
• Feb. 3, 1924Wilson died