Respiration

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• Respiration

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Introduction

• Respiration- the life processes responsible for
  releasing energy from nutrients
• Continuous in plants and animals
• Aerobic respiration- requires O2
• Anaerobic respiration- no O2
• Fermentation (yeast/beer/muscle fatigue)
• Produces 4ATP

C6H12O6 ? 4ATP CO2 alcohol or lactic acid
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Introduction continued

• External respiration- outside the cell, between
  lungs and blood, gas exchanged
• Internal respiration- gas exchange between blood
  and body cells
• Cellular respiration- energy releasing process in
  cells
• Aerobic in humans
• Takes place in what organelle???

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Human Respiratory System

• Transports gases between the external environment
  and internal surfaces for gas exchange in lungs
• Route of air
• Nostrils/mouth?pharynx? trachea?larynx? bronchi?
  bronchioles? alveoli

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Nostrils / Nose

• Nasal cavities lines with cilia for filtration
  and mucous for adding warmth (blood vessels)
• Nasal Septum- bone and cartilage
• Divide cavity into right and left
• Nasal conchae- bones in cavity that divide it
  into passageways

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Paranasal Sinuses

• Air chambers in skull that reduce the weight of
  the skull
• Also affect voice quality and resonance

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Pharynx

• Back of throat
• Where mucous is swallowed
• Passageway for air, food, liquid
• Helps produce speech sounds

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Larynx

• Air passes through
• Top of trachea
• Contains vocal cords, voice box
• Sound by vibrations
• Pitch by tension

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Vocal cords

• Upper folds- False vocal cords
• No sounds
• Close the airway when swallowing
• Lower Folds- true vocal cords
• Air through causes vibration side to side
• Generates sound waves
• Change shape of pharynx, oral cavity, lips,
  tongue for specific sounds

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Pitch

• Controlled by tension
• Increase tension, increase pitch
• Decrease tension, decrease pitch
• Intensity (or loudness) controlled by amount of
  air going through.

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Glottis

• Space between the vocal cords when they are
  relaxed
• When relaxed, is a triangular slit
• When swallowing, false vocal cords close to
  prevent food or liquid from entering
• Epiglottis above
• Flap that also helps stop things from getting to
  trachea

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Trachea (windpipe)

• Transports air to bronchial tubes
• Flexible tube
• In front of esophagus
• Kept open with open-backed cartilaginous rings
  called hyaline cartilage
• Lined with cilia to move materials like dust,
  pollen, smoke to pharynx

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Bronchi

• Trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi (singular
  bronchus)
• Branch into each lung
• Branch into secondary bronchi
• Lined with cilia

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Bronchioles

• Branch off of bronchi
• Smaller
• Lined w/mucous membrane
• Divide over and over

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Alveolar Sacs

• End of bronchioles
• Thin sacs
• Made of alveoli
• Lined with capillaries
• Where gas exchange actually occurs from lung to
  blood
• Exchange what 2 gases???
• Large surface area

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Lung

• Large, spongy organ made up of bronchus,
  bronchioles, and alveoli
• Humans have 2
• Right has 3 lobes, left has 2? why???
• Pleural membrane
• Surrounds lung
• Secretes moisture
• Allow lungs to move smoothly

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Smoker vs NonSmoker lung
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Lung continued

• Alveolus/alveoli
• Where gas exchange takes place
• Aka air sacs
• Thin, moist w/network of capillaries
• O2 diffuses from air to alveoli capillaries
• CO2 from capillaries diffuses into alveoli for
  exhale along with water vapor

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Breathing

• Movement of gases between atmosphere and lungs
• Inhalation/ Inspiration- when air is moved into
  lungs?O2
• Exhalation/ Expiration- moves air out of lungs?
  CO2
• Pressure changes move air in and out
• Pressure in chest cavity changes because of
  movement of diaphragm and rib muscles
  (intercostal Muscles)

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Pressure

• Air pressure about 760 mm of mercury at sea level
• Pressure in lung decreases on inhale as size
  increase
• Causes air to rush in
• Opposite on exhale
• Pressure as lungs contract forces air out

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Diaphragm

• Dome-shaped muscle at bottom of chest cavity
• Inhale- moves down, increases size of chest
  cavity, decreases pressure, air rushes in
• Exhale- moves up, decreases chest size, increases
  pressure, air rushes out
• Due to elastic recoil of tissues

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Forced Inhale/ Exhale

• Forced Inhale
• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles (in between
  lungs)
• ALSO pectoralis minor and sternocleidomastoid
  muscles
• Forced exhale
• Diaphragm and intercostal
• ALSO internal (expiratory) intercostal
• and abdominal wall muscles

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Respiratory Volumes

• Amount of air in and out of lungs
• Measured with spirometer
• Respiratory Cycle- one inspiration plus the
  following expiration
• Tidal Volume- amount of air that enters (or
  leaves) during a single respiratory cycle
• About 500ml air
• Resting tidal volume

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Continued

• Inspiratory Reserve Volume- air in addition to
  resting tidal volume (excess of forced
  inspiration)
• Expiratory Reserve Volume- forced expiration,
  lungs can expel about 1,100ml beyond resting
  tidal volume
• About 1,200 ml remains after expiration
• Residual volume

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Respiratory Capacities

• Vital capacity- amount of air person can exhale
  after taking deepest possible breath
• Inspiratory capacity- maximum volume of air
  person can inhale following resting expiration
• Total Lung Capacity- vital capacity plus residual
  lung volume

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IRV, inspiratory reserve volume TV, tidal
volume ERV, expiratory reserve volume RV,
residual volume IC, inspiratory capacity FRC,
functional residual capacity TLC, total lung
capacity VC, vital capacity Obstr., obstructive
lung diseases (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive
lung disease) Insp. Restr., inspiratory
restrictive lung disease (e.g., pulmonary
fibrosis, pleural fibrosis or effusion,
diaphragmatic weakness) Expir. Restr.,
expiratory restrictive lung disease (e.g.,
ascites, obesity, pregnancy, weakness of
abdominal musculature).
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Respiratory Control

• Respiratory Center
• Brain stem

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Factors Affecting Breathing Rate

• Foreign particles (smoke, pollution)
• O2 level in blood
• CO2 level in blood
• MOST IMPORTANT
• Increase CO2, increase breathing rate because
  need to get rid of it
• Exercise

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Hemoglobin

• Molecule in red blood cells
• Gives red color due to Fe
• Carries O2 to cells and CO2 away from cells

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CO carbon monoxide

• From tobacco smoke, exhaust fumes, burning coal
  and wood
• Combines with hemoglobin and does not easily
  detach
• O2 carrying ability of blood decreases
• Causes hypoxia
• CO poisoning needs to be treated immediately with
  pure O2 to slowly replace CO on hemoglobin

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Cellular Respiration

• Energy releasing process that occurs inside
  living cells
• O2 combines with glucose to release energy
• CO2 and H2O are waste products
• Energy from glucose converted to usable form of
  ATP
• Adenosine triphosphate

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ATP

• Adenosine triphosphate
• When energy needed, broken down to release energy
  by hydrolysis
• ATP? ADP (adenosine diphosphate) P
• H2O ATP ?ATP-ase?ADP P energy

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Aerobic Cellular Respiration
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Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

• Aka fermentation
• Alcohol ( yeast, bacteria for beer, bread) or
  lactic acid (muscles)
• Overall 2 ATP
• Not as efficient as aerobic since not broken down
  as much a possible

C6H12O6 ? 4ATP CO2 alcohol or lactic acid
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Respiratory System Disorders

• Bronchitis
• Inflammation of lining of bronchial tubes
• Too much mucous in bronchioles
• Cilia cannot clear passages
• Cough up thick, green-yellow mucus
• infection

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Chronic Bronchitis

• Lasts at least 3 months, 2 years in a row
• Mainly caused by cigarette smoking
• Also caused by family history, air pollution, CO,
  infections

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Asthma

• Caused by unknown substances or allergic
  reactions to foods like wheat or dust in air,
  bacteria, psychosomatic origin, or air pollution
  (smoking)
• Bronchiole tubes narrow and alveoli may remain
  inflated during exhalation
• Coughing, difficulty breathing, wheezing
• Emergency- adrenaline shot given to open air
  passages

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Emphysema

• Means blown-up or full of air
• 1st symptom- reduced forced expiratory volume
• Total amount you can force out of lungs in exhale
• Alveolar walls lose elasticity and remain filled
  with air on expiration, they eventually break down

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Emphysema continued

• Shortness of breath , blood O2 lowered because
  diffusion is hindered
• Alveoli replaced by connective tissue
• Causes- long term irritations like air pollution,
  smoking, industrial dust
• Can be prevented and progression can be stopped
  by removing irritant
• No cure

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Lung Cancer

• Uncontrollable growth of tumors in the lungs
• Caused by smoking or breast, stomach, prostate
  malignancies spreading

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Pneumonia

• Acute infection or inflammation of alveoli
• Caused by bacteria or virus
• Most common infectious cause of death in US
• Alveoli fill with fluid and dead white blood
  cells? less space for air

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Pneumonia continued

• Breathing difficulties
• Some treated with antibiotics
• Most susceptible
• Elderly
• Infants
• Immuno-compromised people (AIDS, malignancy)
• Cigarette smokers
• Person with obstructive lung disease

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Coryza (common cold)

• Caused by VIRUSES- especially group called
  rhinoviruses
• Sneezing, excessive nasal secretion, dry cough,
  congestion
• Direct transfer of nasal secretion on hands
  causes most transmission
• OTC drugs may lessen severity, but not length

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Influenza (flu)

• VIRUS
• Chills, fever, headache, muscular aches

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THE END