Introduction to ODA principles

1
Introduction to ODA principles
Daniel Svoboda civic association DEVELOPMENT
WORLDWIDE Vilnius, February 2005
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• Programme of the Module A

1) ODA and Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
3-17 2) Lithuanian Development Cooperation
Policy 18-25 3) Introduction to EU Development
(and other) Funds 26-31 4) Examples of EU
Development Projects 32-33 5) Participation of
Non-State Actors in ODA 34-39 6) NGDO Platforms
Experience and Challenges 40-41 7) Public
Relations Public Awareness 42-44 8)
Discussion on Lithuanian Approach 44
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• Development Cooperation
• - the right way to a better world?

Official Development Assistance (ODA) is a tool
for sharing capacities, experience, know-how and
technologies with aim to facilitate sustainable
development of our small and single world. The
transition countries can and should remember
their totality experience as well as the support
from developed countries and international
organizations in the recent history and they
should use the lessons learned for more effective
development interventions.
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• MDG - Millennium Development Goals

1
MDG to be achieved in 2015 Goal 1 Eradicate
Extreme Poverty and Hunger Goal 2 Achieve
Universal Primary Education Goal 3 Promote
Gender Equality and Empower Women Goal 4 Reduce
Child Mortality Goal 5 Improve Maternal
Health Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other
Diseases Goal 7 Ensure Environmental
Sustainability Goal 8 Develop a Global
Partnership for Development
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• Goal 1 - Eradicate Poverty

• Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
• Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of
  people whose income is less than 1 a day
• proportion of population below 1 a day
• poverty gap ratio (incidence x depth of poverty)
• share of poorest quintile in national
  consumption
• Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of
  people who suffer from hunger
• prevalence of underweight in children (under
  five years of age)
• proportion of population below minimum level of
  dietary energy consumption

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• Goal 2 - Achieve Primary Education

• Achieve Universal Primary Education
• Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys
  and girls alike, will be able to complete a full
  course of primary schooling
• net enrollment ratio in primary education
• proportion of pupils starting grade 1 which
  reach grade 5
• literacy rate of 15- to 24-year-olds

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• Goal 3 - Promote Gender Equality

• Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
• Eliminate gender disparity in primary and
  secondary education preferably by 2005 and in all
  levels of education no later than 2015
• ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and
  tertiary education
• ratio of literate females to males among 15- to
  24-year-olds
• share of women in wage employment in the
  nonagricultural sector
• proportion of seats held by women in national
  parliament

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• Goal 4 - Reduce Child Mortality

• Reduce Child Mortality
• Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the
  under-five mortality rate
• under-five mortality rate
• infant mortality rate
• proportion of one-year-old children immunized
  against measles

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• Goal 5 - Improve Maternal Health

• Improve Maternal Health
• Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015,
  the maternal mortality ratio
• maternal mortality ratio
• proportion of births attended by skilled health
  personnel

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• Goal 6 - Combat HIV/AIDS

• Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases
• Have halted by 2015 and begun to release the
  spread of HIV/AIDS
• HIV prevalence among 15- to 24-year-old pregnant
  women
• contraceptive prevalence rate
• number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS
• Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the
  incidence of malaria and other major diseases
• prevalence and death rates associated with
  malaria
• proportion of population in malaria-risk areas
  using effective malaria prevention and treatment
  measures
• prevalence and death rates associated with
  tuberculosis
• proportion of TB cases detected and cured under
  DOTS

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• Goal 7 - Ensure Environm. Sustainability

• Ensure Environmental Sustainability
• Integrate the principles of SD into country
  policies and program and reverse the loss of
  environmental resources
• change in land area covered by forest
• land area protected to maintain biological
  diversity
• GDP per unit of energy use
• carbon dioxide emissions (per capita)
• proportion of population using solid fuels
• Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without
  sustainable access to safe drinking water
• proportion of population with sustainable access
  to an improved water source
• Have achieved, by 2020, a significant improvement
  in the lives of at least 100 million slum
  dwellers
• proportion of population with access to improved
  sanitation
• proportion of population with access to secure
  tenure

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• Goal 8 - Develop Global Partnership

Develop a Global Partnership for
Development Develop further an open, rule-based
predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and
financial system (includes a commitment to good
governance, development, and poverty reduction -
both nationally and internationally) - some of
the indicators listed below will be monitored
separately for the least developed countries,
Africa, landlocked countries, and small island
developing states
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• Goal 8 - Develop Global Partnership

• 8a) Official Development Assistance
• Address the special needs of the LDC (includes
  tariff- and quota-free access for exports,
  enhanced program of debt relief for HIPC and
  cancellation of official bilateral debt, and more
  generous ODA for countries committed to poverty
  reduction)
• net ODA as a percentage of DAC donors gross
  national income
• proportion of ODA to basic social services
  (basic education, primary health care, nutrition,
  safe water, and sanitation)
• proportion of ODA that is untied
• proportion of ODA for environment in small
  island developing countries
• proportion of ODA for the transport sector in
  landlocked countries

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• Goal 8 - Develop Global Partnership

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• 8b) Market Access
• Address the special needs of landlocked countries
  and small island developing states (through the
  Barbados Programme and 22nd General Assembly
  provisions)
• proportion of exports (by value, excluding arms)
  admitted free of duties and quotas
• average tariffs and quotas on agricultural
  products and textiles and clothing
• domestic and export agricultural subsidies in
  OECD countries
• proportion of ODA provided to help build trade
  capacities

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• Goal 8 - Develop Global Partnership

• 8c) Debt Sustainability
• Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of
  developing countries through national and
  international measures in order to make debt
  sustainable in long term
• proportion of official bilateral HIPC debt
  cancelled
• debt service as a percentage of exports of goods
  and services
• proportion of ODA provided as debt relief
• number of countries reaching HIPC decision and
  completion points

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• Goal 8 - Develop Global Partnership

• 8d) Others
• In cooperation with developing countries, develop
  and implement strategies for decent and
  productive work of youth
• unemployment rate of 15- to 24-year-olds
• In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies,
  provide access to affordable, essential drugs in
  developing countries
• proportion of population with access to
  affordable, essential drugs on a sustainable
  basis
• In cooperation with the private sector, make
  available the benefits of new technologies,
  especially information and communications
• telephone lines per 1,000 people
• personal computers per 1,000 people

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• International commitments

• UN Goal
• To raise net ODA up to 0,7 GNP until 2015
• EU Goals
• To raise net ODA average up to 0,39 GNP until
  2006
• while each EU country should reach at least 0,33
  GNP
• ODA (Official Development Assistance)
• Aid to developing countries (Part I of the DAC
  List of Aid Recipients)
• OA (Official Aid)
• Aid to more advanced countries (Part II of the
  DAC List)

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• Lithuanian
• Development Cooperation Policy

2
National Long-Term Development Strategy (Nov.
2002) Provisions of the Development Assistance
Policy of the Republic of Lithuania for 2003-2005
(May 2003) Communications Strategy for
International Cooperation and Development (UNDP,
November 2002) Strengthening National Capacity of
Lithuania As an Emerging Donor (June, 2004)
Strategic Plan for Implementation of the
Project Law on Public Procurement
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• Lithuanian
• Development Cooperation Policy

2

• Provisions of the Development Assistance Policy
  of the Republic of Lithuania for 2003-2005
• Priority countries and regions
• Kaliningrad district of Russian Federation,
  Ukraine, Byelorussia, Moldova, Afghanistan, Iraq,
  and in the future South Caucasus and the Balkans
  and developing ACP countries
• Priority sectors
• promotion of democracy, justice and internal
  affairs, national security strengthening
• economic development, transport
• Eurointegration process
• environment protection
• health and social security, culture and education

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• Lithuanian
• Development Cooperation Policy

2

• Provisions of the Development Assistance Policy
  of the Republic of Lithuania for 2003-2005
• Responsibilities
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs is responsible for
  implementation and co-ordination of development
  assistance policy
• Ministry of Finance is responsible for
  co-ordination of the development assistance
  policy with international organizations and
  allocations of funds for membership contributions
• ODA Approach
• harmonisation of ODA policies with global
  policies and by adopting OECD and EU principles
  and methodologies
• project executors will be identified and
  training and discussions for the Lithuanian
  society will be organised

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• Lithuanian
• Development Cooperation Policy

2

• Communications Strategy for International
  Cooperation and Development
• Objective
• - to build public support for Lithuania's role as
  an aid donor
• Strategic considerations
• - constraints (lack human resources, procedures,
  structures)
• - opportunities (senior level commitment, NGO and
  academic experience, UNDP's Emerging Donor Trust
  Fund)
• Strategy
• - develop partnership with key groups
• - raise awareness among the media and youth
  (mid-term)
• - create constituency of supporters across
  sectors (long-term)

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• Lithuanian
• Development Cooperation Policy

2

• Communications Strategy for International
  Cooperation and Development
• Key message
• - Lithuania has expertise and should use it
• Target audience
• - parliamentarians, key government ministries,
  NGOs, private sector, media, academics, youth
• Human and budget resources
• - Development Assistance Division MFA
• - international donors (UNDP, EU, Canada )
• - private sector communication consultants

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• Lithuanian
• Development Cooperation Policy

2

• Strengthening National Capacity of Lithuania As
  an Emerging Donor Strategic Plan for
  Implementation of the (UNDP) Project
• Action taken
• MFA has prepared Development Assistance Policy
  for 2003-2005 (and modest ODA budget line already
  exists since 2002)
• Lithuania in 2005 increased MFAs budget for
  development cooperation from 100 000 to 500 000
  Litas
• UNDP has approved Country Programme for
  2004-2005 with objectives to strengthen national
  capacities for social inclusion, good governance
  and sustainable development and to strengthen
  Lithuania's role as an emerging donor

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• Lithuanian
• Development Cooperation Policy

2

• Strengthening National Capacity of Lithuania As
  an Emerging Donor Strategic Plan for
  Implementation of the (UNDP) Project
• Project objectives
• increase awareness of decision makers and the
  public
• codification of knowledge and information about
  expertise
• facilitation of development cooperation
  activities
• build an information base to identify Lithuanian
  NGOs
• facilitate NGOs access to information (e.g. on
  EU resources)
• Project strategy
• build alliances and create synergies with
  interested partners

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• Lithuanian
• Development Cooperation Policy

2

• Strengthening National Capacity of Lithuania As
  an Emerging Donor Strategic Plan for
  Implementation of the (UNDP) Project
• Intended outcomes
• building national capacities to carry out
  development cooperation activities
• increase awareness and develop public support
  for development cooperation
• establishing a knowledge bank on Lithuanian
  expertise
• establishing a national institutional mechanism
  to manage international development cooperation

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3
Introduction to EU Development Funds
Territorial programs of the EC TACIS - former
Soviet Union CARDS - Balkan countries MEDA -
Mediterranean countries ALA - Asia and Latin
America EAPA - Asia Pro Eco Programme EDF - ACP
countries (Africa, Caribbean, Pacific) Thematic
programs of the EC (for NGOs) 210203 - NGO
Co-financing (PVD, ED) 210213 - CDC EIDHR -
European Initiative for Democracy Human
Rights Food Aid and Food Security Environment
and Forests in Developing Countries Fight
against Antipersonnel Landmines (APL) Gender
Equality Health (policies, HIV/AIDS, malaria,
tuberculosis)
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Introduction to Other EU Funds
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Structural Funds (lower differences between
regions harmonize EU development) ERDF -
European Regional Development Fund (sustainable
jobs, infrastructure, local development, SMEs,
education, health, environment protection,
cross-border and inter-regional cooperation) ESF
- European Social Fund (labour market - prevent
unemployment incl. youth, equal opportunities,
vocational training and education, human
resources, participation of women) EAGGF -
European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund
(agricultural market organisations, rural
development and market support, veterinary
expenditure, information measures) FIFG -
Financial Instruments for Fisheries Guidance
(fleet renewal, adjustment of fishing capacities,
small-scale coastal fisheries, socio-economic
measures, marine resources, aquaculture, port
facilities, processing and marketing of fishery,
new markets, innovation)
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Introduction to Other EU Funds
3
Cohesion Fund (assistance in the fields of the
environment and transport infrastructure -
promoting economic and social cohesion in
EU) Pre-accession financial instruments ISPA -
Instrument for Structural Policies for
Pre-accession (environment transport / measures
for more than EUR 5 million) SAPARD -
Agricultural Instrument for Pre-accession (TA,
agricultural holdings, processing marketing of
products, veterinary plant-health control,
environment protection, forestry, water resource
management, protection of rural heritage, land
improvement, land registers, new economic
activities, services for farmers, producer
groups, vocational training, rural
infrastructure) PHARE - preparing candidate
countries for accession (helping administration
to acquire capacity for Community acquis, bring
industries and basic infrastructure up to EU
standards - particularly environment, transport,
industry, product quality, working conditions,
etc.)
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Introduction to Other EU Funds
COM (2004) 626 final Communication from the
Commission to the Council and the European
Parliament on the Instruments for External
Assistance under the Future Financial Perspective
2007-2013 IPA - Instrument for Pre-accession
Assistance (will replace PHARE, ISPA, SAPARD,
CARDS, etc.) ENPI - European Neighborhood and
Partnership Instrument (covers MEDA countries,
Western NIS, southern Caucasus, Russia) DCECI -
Development Cooperation and Economic Cooperation
Instrument (incl. successor to the 9th EDF) IS -
Instrument for Stability (response to instability
and crises, security aspects) HAI - Humanitarian
Aid Instrument (will remain unchanged but
includes all Food Aid) MFAI - Macro Financial
Assistance Instrument (it has proved to be an
efficient instrument and driver for reforms)
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Introduction to EU Tenders and Grants
Procurement conditions Invitations for Tenders
goods, services and works Call for Proposals
grants Procurement procedures Open procedure
(no negotiation is allowed) Restricted procedure
(shortlist of candidates) Competitive negotiated
procedure (consulting candidates) Framework
contracts (does not exceed 4 years) Negotiated
procedure (exceptional cases)
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Introduction to EU Tenders and Grants Procurement
Thresholds
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Examples of EU Development Projects
Examples of territorial programs of the
EC TACIS (Cross Border Co-operation, Small
Project Facility - promotes co-operation with
local and regional authorities) example Local
economic development, Environment and energy
efficiency, Social development and administrative
reform CARDS (Justice and home affairs, Economic
and social development, Democratic stabilization,
Environment and natural resources, Administrative
capacity building) example European Assistance
Mission to Albanian Justice System EDF (support
to the ACP countries) examples ACP-EU Water
facility (Safe Drinking Water and Basic
Sanitation in Poor Countries), Barbados Health
Programme, Ghana - Strengthening Monitoring and
Evaluation Capacities in the decentralized
Ministry of Food and Agriculture
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4
Examples of EU Development Projects
Examples of thematic grants of the EC PVD
(Projects in Developing Countries) examples
Moldavia - Support to socially vulnerable
families for prevention of children abandonment
Afghanistan - Sustainable livelihood program for
widows ED (Development Education) examples UK
- New generation against poverty Portugal -
Migrations la double chance Nord-Sud EU
Consortium - Landmines and other remnants of war
- raising public awareness ECD (Decentralized
Cooperation) examples Promote participation
Promote an enabling legal and regulatory
framework Promote social dialogue Promote
linkages between relief, rehabilitation and
development Food Aid / Food Security (BL 21
020200) example Palestine
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Participation of Non-State Actors in ODA
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Any sustainable development needs either balance
of economic, social and environmental pillars
either cooperation of key actors from all
relevant sectors (governmental, political /
legislative, academic, private, NGO and civil
society). It is evident that no progress can be
achieved without such team work. Development
cooperation is more demanding due to its
international dimension and to specific
conditions (legislative, political, social,
cultural and other) in partner countries. All
these issues have to be taken into consideration
while thinking about official development
assistance. Any relevant expertise, any personal
experience and any available capacity should be
used during planning, implementing or evaluation
of development projects and programs.
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Participation of Non-State Actors in ODA
5
Although the need for cooperation of all actors
is evident, type and extent of such cooperation
can vary according to specific problems to be
solved and solutions to be implemented. Results
not formal statute are important in this regard -
no artificial boundaries should be introduced and
nobody should be excluded in advance. What are
the differences between expert working for NGO,
expert in the Government or expert in a private
company? What are the differences between
hospital built up under supervision of a NGO or
supervision of a private company? What are the
differences between engaging volunteers in
academic institution, private company, NGO or
Government? And what are the differences between
humanitarian aid and development assistance?
Sustainability is important for both
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Participation of Non-State Actors in ODA
5

• NSA participation is important in all stages of
  the project cycle
• during programming stage - setting policies and
  strategies (effective
  programming needs overall consensus)
• during identification of project ideas and
  relevant partners (field experience and
  personal contacts are crucial)
• during formulation (or appraisal) of projects
  (preparation of
  feasible projects needs expertise)
• during project implementation
  
  (participation enhances project impacts and
  sustainability)
• during project evaluation
  (effective
  evaluation includes feedback from civil society)
• None of these roles can be covered only by states
  bodies

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Participation of Non-State Actors in ODA
5

• NSA can participate in different ways
• Indirect influence through public means - media,
  lobbying (any citizen has the right to
  influence the policies somehow)
• Advisory boards, round tables, expert meetings
  (NSA needs
  to have relevant speakers - e.g. platform)
• Conferences, workshops, seminars, public debates
  (any
  professional should have a chance to share
  experience)
• Expert opinion and reviews, proposals,
  consultations
  (it is useful to have a feedback from more
  stakeholders)
• Grants in priority areas - e.g. public awareness,
  education
  (NSA know the best ways how to
  deal with the NSA)
• Tenders in specific areas - either in the country
  or abroad
  (the best proposal should
  be selected and approved)

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Participation of Non-State Actors in ODA
5

• Typical involvement of NGOs in development
  activities
• Public awareness projects
  (enhancing also
  public private partnership)
• Development education and capacity building
  projects
  (with a large scale of target groups)
• Development projects with civil society
  (co-financing grant
  schemes may be used)
• Participation in open tenders - Call for
  proposals (specific
  eligibility or cost-sharing criteria may be used)
• Cooperation in programming or evaluation
  (open discussion enhances
  understanding and support)
• Fund raising activities
  (in
  particular for humanitarian aid and
  rehabilitation)
• Other activities calling for cooperation with
  civil society

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Participation of Non-State Actors in ODA
5
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Experience of NGDO Platforms
6

• FoRS - Czech Forum for Development Co-operation
• Established in 2002, currently 16 members,
  several observers new members are going to join
  FoRS in April 2005.
• Key successes
• Institutional partner for MFA and Development
  Centre IIR
• Member of CONCORD (since January 2003)
• Grant system for NGOs launched in 2004 (doubled
  in 2005)
• Special ODA budget line for trilateral projects
• Public awareness campaign and development
  education
• Participation in development projects
• International conference Enlarged Europe -
  Reinforced Responsibility (September 2004)
• Working groups for 8 programming countries and
  other three WG for awareness, education and
  volunteers
• Involvement in Tsunami relief and reconstruction

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Experience of NGDO Platforms
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• Recommended webs
• www.fors.cz
• www.fors.cz/conference
• www.rozvojovestredisko.cz
• www.varianty.cz/grv/
• www.rozvojovka.cz
• www.mvro.sk

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Public Relations and Public Awareness
7

• Opinion Poll - September 2004
• 82.7 think that developed countries must pursue
  development cooperation policy and 72 think
  Lithuania should extend support and knowledge to
  poorer countries.
• 49.4 of the respondents spoke for sending
  medication and food to the victims of natural
  disasters or military conflicts 27.6 for
  seconded experts and specialists and 9 for
  allocation of funds to reduce poverty in the LDC.
  
• 58.7 think it is best to contribute to
  international organizations 12.8 to allocate
  funds to Lithuanian organizations and firms
  working in poor countries and 6.5 to allocate
  funds to governments of poor countries.
• 47.8 support aid to the poorest countries, 20
  to the states of the former Soviet Union, 11.2 to
  the S-E Europe and 3.2 to those suffering from
  disasters and wars.

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Public Relations and Public Awareness
7

• Key Messages (topics for discussion)
• Lithuania has expertise and should use it not
  only for work in Lithuania or in neighboring
  countries but also during cooperation with other
  countries including EU and other donors and
  multilateral organizations (UN, WB, etc.).
• The reason for ODA is not only the responsibility
  of new EU member but also a common interest to
  help develop stable and prosperous Europe and the
  World.
• Development cooperation means also cooperation
  within Europe and within Lithuania and such
  cooperation can bring also a new opportunities.
• ODA is an international process and Lithuania
  should be an active and credible player adoption
  of transparent procedures is then a basic
  precondition in this regard.

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Discussion on Lithuania Approach
8

• Key Aspects (topics for discussion)
• Institutional and legal framework
  (responsibilities and competencies)
• Clear methodological framework
  (EU/UN compatible templates)
• Transparent and effective procedures
  (decision-making process)
• Implementation of PCM principles
  (whole project cycle)
• Capacity building
  (professional
  training and development education)
• Public awareness
  (involvement of all
  key stakeholders)

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