From Printing Presses to EBooks

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From Printing Presses to E-Books

• By Natalie Lopez, M.L.I.S.
• Wendolyn Vermeer, M.L.I.S.
• California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

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PART I

• Printing Presses
• Natalie Lopez, M.L.I.S

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INFORMATION

• Medium Theory was first proposed by Marshall
  McLuhan, a popular writer during the 1960s and
  1970s
• McLuhan developed the idea that changes in modes
  of communications such as the shift from oral to
  literate society or the shift from print to
  electronic communication causes corresponding
  changes in the values and beliefs of a given
  society (1)

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INFORMATION (cont.)

• McLuhan observed that human history can be
  divided into 4 eras, each of which corresponds to
  the dominant mode of communication of the time
  Oral, Writing, Printing, and Electronic.

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Printing Presses
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Type
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What did the printing presses PRINT?

• INCUNABULA
• 45 Religious works
• 30 Literature
• 10 Law
• 10 Science
• 5 Miscellaneous Works (example Herbals, books
  on Medicine)
• Not a lot of books printed on MATH, GEOMETRY or
  ASTRONOMY due to illustrations until Erhard
  Ratdolt (1442-1528)
• Not a lot of MAPS or MUSIC

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INCUNABULA

• The term is Latin and literally means in the
  cradle or in swaddling clothes- bound book
• Incunable (singular)
• Refers to printed texts around 1455-1500.
• 1501- signified the end of the century and
  the beginning of another in printing (3)

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Printing

• Misconception printing was invented by Johann
  Gutenberg
• Correct statement Gutenberg invented the
  printing of
• BOOKS (2) in Mainz, Germany (1448-1452)
• Earliest surviving example of printing is on
  cloth dates back to c.220 A.D. from China

Image of Johann Gutenberg Huntington Library
ImageBank
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PRINTING (cont.)

• Printing is a method of mass-producing, or
  multiplying graphic signs and messages.
• Before printing, this was all done by hand, or
  manuscript. Today, it can be done
  electronically.
• Incunabula have title pages indistinguishable
  from Manuscripts
• Printers Marks (later slide)

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MANUSCRIPT _at_ CAL POLY POMONA University Library!

• Special Collections has an Illuminated Vellum
  Manuscript Choirbook Page
• Donated 1968.
• Date unknown
• (marked ca. 1150)
• Sheepskin or
• Vellum

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SPECIAL COLLECTIONS_at_ CPP UNIVERSITY LIBRARY!!
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Wine press _at_ Cal Poly Pomona University Library
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Special Collections _at_ CPPUniversity Library

• Located on the 4th floor
• Danette Cook Adamson
• Special Collections Librarian [phone]
• dcadamson_at_csupomona.edu
• Kimberley Erickson Library Assistant for Special
  Collections [phone]kaerickson_at_csupomona.ed
  u

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PRINTING AS AN HISTORICAL PRIME-MOVER

• Forward thinking
• With the influx of information and this need to
  document, education became solid
• Books not only intended for the upper class
• Use of paper as opposed to vellum
• Cost less to print a book rather than hand-copy a
  manuscript
• Faster
• Need for libraries

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PRINTING and CENSORSHIP

• All printing had to be approved by the Church
  and the State

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_at_ the Libraryin the 16th Century
Separate library rooms were built in the
14th-16th centuries to accommodate these mass
produced books.
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Curse

• "For him that stealeth,or borroweth and
  returneth not,this book from its owner, let it
  change into a serpent in his hand and rend him.
  Let him be struck with palsy, and all his
  members blasted. Let him languish in pain,
  crying aloud for mercy, and let there be no
  surcease to this agony till he sing in
  dissolution. Let bookworms gnaw his entrails in
  token of the worm that dieth not, and when at
  last he goeth to his last punishment, let the
  flames of hell consume him for ever.
• -Monastery in Barcelona, Spain

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Some printers of the Incunabula period

• Johann Gutenberg (c.1398-1468)
• Johann Fust (c. 1450-1466) Peter Schoffer
  (c.1449-1502)
• First DATED book printed Schoeffer Psalterium
  (4)
• Nicholas Jenson (c. 1420-1480)
• Aldus Manutius (c.1449-1515)
• William Caxton (c.1415- 1492)
• Erhard Ratdolt (c.1442-1528)
• Christopher Plantin (c. 1520-1589)

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PRINTERS (Typographers) MARKS

• Johann Fust Peter Schoffer (the first to use
• Printers marks) two red shields
• Aldus Manutius anchor and a dolphin
• Nicholas Jenson large
• rectangular square with a circle and some lines
• William Caxton initials W C
• Erhard Ratdolt
• the God Mercury holding two serpents

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Some printers of the Incunabula period (cont.)

• Last DATED book printed ??? http//istc.cheshir
  e3.org/search/index.html
• 1,910 options as to the last dated book. Some
  have months others dont. ENJOY!

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Book Market and Public Interest

• People became interested in a WIDER world
• Christopher Columbus letter concerning newly
  discovered lands
• Between 1493 and 1500 thousands of copies of this
  letter printed throughout Europe
• Book market was CAPITALISTIC lots of
  overproduction
• Book Fairs Paris, Venice London
• Bartering Trading of books parading of books
  for books

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INCUNABULE
Gutenberg Bible Paul's Epistle to the
Romans DATE 1450-55 Courtesy of the
Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical
Gardens
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INCUNABULE (CONT.)
Bible. Latin Gutenberg Bible front cover
1450-55 Courtesy of the Huntington Library,
Art Collections and Botanical Gardens
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INCUNABLE
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Binding

• Gutenberg Bible. Latin
• Close-up of outside
• spine cover
• 1450-55

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Viewing MSS INCUNABULA Online Worlds Connect
_at_ Your Library

• Can view Manuscripts and Incunabula ONLINE!!!!!
• http//www.bl.uk/treasures/caxton/homepage.html
  Link to William Caxtons Canterbury Tales (2
  editions 1476 and 1483)
• British Library Turning the Pages
• Questia (need to set up account)

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Take-home message about PRINTED BOOKS

• Why I like printed books vs. electronic
• Book signings can you have an author sign your
  Kindle?
• Coffee table books I like having books for
  visitors to pick up and read their favorite
  passages.
• Cookbooks I fear getting food on my Kindle as I
  recreate a recipe from my kitchen!!!!
• Kindle runs on batteries Books do not.

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Disadvantages of Printed Books (cont.)

• PRESERVATION ISSUES Some printed on acidic
  paper
• Space issues in libraries
• New Editions supersede older

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ADVANTAGES OF PRINTED BOOKS

• PRESERVATION use of phase boxes, temperature
  controlled rooms and deacidification spray for
  books printed on acidic paper
• SPACE ISSUES Public libraries weed materials
  that are not heavily circulated
• Textbooks thats all part of the adventure of
  being a student!
• ART images in large textbooks can be seen
  fullscreen Kindle is only so large and ONLY in
  grayscale.

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Take-home message about PRINTED BOOKS

• Ray Bradbury on Fahrenheit 451
• Its all about humanity. I am the greatest
  lover ever born, because I love life and I love
  books and I love watching and writingI believe
  in books, in libraries, in bookstoresI say GO TO
  A LIBRARY AND EDUCATE YOURSELF. You will find
  yourself there, because in a library you become
  your own teacher Los Angeles Times, Sunday,
  April 19, 2009

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Nicholas Jensons Take-home message about BOOKS

• First select a market then woo it then
  saturate it with a flood of texts too
  concentrated and too useful to resist. (5)

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Acknowledgments

• Wendy Vermeer for taking on the ebooks!
• Danette Cook-Adamson Kimberly Allen of Special
  Collections for permission to photograph the
  Manuscript Page
• Dr. Linda Main (SJSU) Courses MSS Incunabula,
  The History of Books Libraries
• Alan Jutzi, Rare Book Curator, Huntington Library
  
• Steve Tabor, Curator of Early Printed Books,
  Huntington Library
• Alan and Steve Thank You for permission to use
  images from ImageBank

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Sources

• (1) Dr. Linda Main. (2005). Library 287
  Lecture Notes
• (2) Steinberg, S.H. (1996). Five Hundred Years
  of Printing. The British Library and Oak Knoll
  Press.
• (3) Ibid.
• (4) Goff, F.R. (1972). Incunabula in American
  Libraries

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Sources (cont.)

• http//library.uvic.ca/site/spcoll/physiologum/com
  mentary/bio_plantin.htm
• 5) Lowry, M. (1991). Nicholas Jenson and the
  rise of Venetian Publishing in Renaissance
  Europe. Oxford Basil Blackwell.
• RECOMMENDED READING
• Schillingsburg, P. (2006). From Gutenberg to
  Google. Cambridge Univ. Press.

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From Vellum to Paper to Computer Enter E-books

• We have come a long way
• Library 5 years from now
• Ebooks are BOOKS in a different format
• Welcome Wendolyn Vermeer

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Part II Ebooks are Digital InkWendolyn
Vermeer, M.L.I.S.
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So what exactly is an electronic book, anyhow?

• A digital version of a traditional print book
  designed to be read on a personal computer or an
  e-book reader (a software application for use on
  a standard-sized computer or a book-sized
  computer used solely as a reading
  device)Synonymous with digital book, e-book,
  ebook, and online book (1)

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So what exactly is an Ebook, anyhow?

• Ebook, EBook, eBook, e-book, e-Book, or E-Book?
• Some are born digital, while others are
  digitized from print copies
• Google has partnered with numerous universities
  and public libraries to scan their print
  holdings. As of October 28, 2008, they have
  scanned 7 million works (2)

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So what exactly is an Ebook, anyhow?

• May not be a book in the traditional sense
  new technologies are changing the ways we
  experience the written word
• GAM3R 7H3ORY go a networked ebook
• The Labyrinth Project go an interactive
  narrative experience
• Yale Press Wiki go Books on a wiki!

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How can I access Ebooks?

• Any computer with an Internet connection and/or
  CD-ROM/DVD-ROM drive
• Ebook readers Amazon Kindle and Sony Reader
• Other handheld devices PDAs, Smartphones, iPod
  Touch
• Image by richardmasoner

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What about formats?

• Closed, proprietary standards are problematic
• e.g., Xbox vs. PlayStation, or even PS2 vs. PS3
• The International Digital Publishing Forum
  attempts to bridge this gap. Their XML-based
  .epub format creates streamlined, reflowable, and
  interoperable digital works (3)

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What about formats?

• Project Gutenberg provides a plain vanilla
  ASCII file of each work, which can be read in
  virtually any text editor. (4)
• The Kindle in 5 years?!
• Image by David Jones

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How popular are Ebooks?

• In 2008, U.S. publishers ebook sales increased
  68 to 113 million, while print sales fell 2.8
  to 24.3 billion (5)
• Have Ebooks and print have reached the tipping
  point?
• DRM, inaccessible technology, lack of awareness
• Perhaps not quite yet!

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How much do Ebooks cost?

• Many are free, like Bartleby.com or The British
  Librarys Ramayana go
• Others can run into the thousands however, they
  often cost less than their print counterparts
• The average Kindle ebook is around 10

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Is the cost ongoing?

• Depends on the purchase model
• Some are purchased outright, like Sony eBooks
• Others are leased a subscription must be
  maintained to access the work itself and/or the
  proprietary platform to view it
• Some publishers have archival provisions, such as
  a backup CD-ROM

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Advantages of Ebooks?

• 3 words FULL TEXT SEARCHING!!!
• Can potentially be read/used by more than one
  person at a time
• Does not take up shelf space or require repair
• No overdue fines!
• Can be instantaneously translated into many
  languages

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Advantages of Ebooks?

• Can be less expensive than print
• Can be just as portable as print
• Very easy to generate citations/ annotations
• Anytime, anywhere access
• Preservation of rare/fragile materials
• Many are accompanied by an audio version

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Disadvantages of Ebooks?

• Can be hard on the eyes (but the technology is
  improving, i.e. OLED)
• Can be difficult to browse or flip pages
• Hard to cozy up with a computer workstation or
  laptop!
• Information fractionation. Content can be
  delivered as bits and pieces (6)

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Disadvantages of Ebooks?

• Technological failure web servers go down,
  batteries die
• Ongoing maintenance fees for leased
  works/platforms
• Cant browse shelves as you would in a physical
  library
• First-Sale Doctrine is challenged
• Subject to revision/reinvention

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Sources (Part II)

• (1) Reitz, Joan M. Electronic book.
  ODLIS Online Dictionary forLibrary and
  Information Science. 22 Feb. 2009
  .
• (2) Drummond, David. New Chapter for Google Book
  Search. Weblog entry. The Official Google Blog.
  28 Oct. 2008. 22 Feb. 2009 spot.com/2008/10/new-chapter-for-google-book-searc
  h.html.
• (3) IDPF. IDPF's Digital Book Standards FAQs
  Online posting. 20 Nov. 2006. International
  Digital Publishing Forum. 22 Feb. 2009
  .
• (4) Why is Project Gutenberg so set on using
  Plain Vanilla ASCII? Gutenberg General FAQ. 22
  Feb. 2008. 22 Feb. 2009
• FAQ.
• (5) Management Practice. Association of American
  Publishers 2008 S1 Report. The Association of
  American Publishers. 13 Mar. 2009
  df.
• (6) Soules, Aline. Definition, Selection,
  Users. Ebook Workflows Selection to Access.
  American Library Association Annual Conference.
  Anaheim Convention Center. Anaheim, CA. 28 Jun.
  2008.

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Further Reading

• Blog No Shelf Required go
• RAND Paper Innovation and the Future of
  e-Books go
• Ebook (via Cal Poly Pomona University Library)
  Glut Mastering Information Through the Ages go

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Part III Worlds Connect _at_ Cal Poly Pomona
University Library
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YOUR Library Collection

• As of April 1, 2009, Cal Poly Pomona has 645,000
  print volumes (not including periodicals) and
  17,838 Ebooks
• Print and electronic collections span every
  discipline taught at CPP, and much more!

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YOUR Library Collection

• Link provides access to books from 50 libraries
  in CA and NV
• Document Delivery provides articles and chapters
  from a global network of libraries
• Think we should own it? Suggest a purchase using
  our suggestion form! go

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YOUR Library Collection

• Our Ebook collections include
• eBrary Computers IT Collection
• SafariTech IT Business
• NetLibrary Environment, Education, Contemporary
  Issues, and much more!
• Gale Encyclopedias, Literature Criticism
• Select titles from Project Gutenberg,
  Bibliomania, and other free resources
• Browse Ebooks in our catalog go go

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Spotlight eBrary

• eBrary Reader has many unique features and
  helpful tools
• Text highlighting and notes
• Dictionary, biography, geographic, encyclopedic,
  and contact lookup
• Language translation
• Citation generator
• Demo Glut Mastering Information Through the
  Ages

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Connecting Students

• Unprecedented access to academic resources
  spanning a plethora of disciplines
• Millennials self-directed access to research
  and resources
• Enfranchising distance learners
• 24-hour computing lab anytime, anywhere access

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Connecting Faculty

• Supports our Academic and Polytechnic mission
• Direct students to appropriate resources via
  library guides, Blackboard links, etc.
• Creates instantaneous global scholarship and
  dialogue

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Dispelling Ebook Myths

• Ebooks discourage intellectualism (Fahrenheit
  451, anyone?)
• Quite the opposite, allows for increased access
  and dialogue
• Ebooks are not lucrative to publishers and
  authors
• Publishing industry is adapting
• Google lost the lawsuit! (OK, they settled
  and most say libraries lost-out)

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Dispelling Ebook Myths

• We will see the extinction of print in the next
  year (or 5 years, or 10, etc.!)
• Ebooks will enhance the dissemination of written
  works, but not REPLACE them!
• Non-rival pudding (1)
• Is substituting access for ownership dooming
  intellectual freedom?
• Librarians champions of your freedom!
• Other Myths (E-pirates, ARRRRR!) go

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Take-home messages about PRINTED BOOKS

• Natalie Why I like printed books vs. electronic
  
• Book signings can you have an author sign your
  Kindle?
• Coffee table books I like having books for
  visitors to pick up and read their favorite
  passages.
• Cookbooks I fear getting food on my Kindle as I
  recreate a recipe from my kitchen!!!!
• Kindle runs on batteries Books do not.

63
Take-home messages about PRINTED BOOKSNatalie

• Ray Bradbury on Fahrenheit 451
• Its all about humanity. I am the greatest
  lover ever born, because I love life and I love
  books and I love watching and writingI believe
  in books, in libraries, in bookstoresI say GO TO
  A LIBRARY AND EDUCATE YOURSELF. You will find
  yourself there, because in a library you become
  your own teacher. Los Angeles Times, Sunday,
  April 19, 2009

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Take-home messages about EBOOKS

• Wendolyn Why I sometimes prefer an Ebook to its
  print counterpart
• FULL TEXT SEARCHING! HEL-LO!!!
• There are dynamic links to additional or related
  content, so Im actually getting a whole lot more
  information right at my fingertips
• For dense or heavy writing, I can cut up text
  into digestible chunks

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Take-home messages about EBOOKS

• Vannevar Bushs As We May Think
• Mendel's concept of the laws of genetics was lost
  to the world for a generation because his
  publication did not reach the few who were
  capable of grasping and extending it
• There may be millions of fine thoughts, and the
  account of the experience on which they are
  based, all encased within stone walls of
  acceptable architectural form but if the scholar
  can get at only one a week by diligent search,
  his syntheses are not likely to keep up with the
  current scene. (2)

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Sources (Part III)

• Jones, Elisabeth. Fighting for
  non-rival pudding. Weblog entry. Elisabeth
• Jones Blog. 24 Mar. 2009. 26 Mar. 2009
  ghting-for-nonrival-pudding/ .
• Bush, Vannevar. As We May Think. The Atlantic
  Monthly. (Jul. 1945). 22
• Apr. 2009 07/bush.

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Questions? Comments?

• Additional thoughts or comments? Contact us
• Natalie Lopez nmzagami_at_csupomona.edu
• 909-869-3110
• Wendolyn Vermeer
• wcvermeer_at_csupomona.edu
• 909-869-4990

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And Just for Kicks

• Medieval Tech Support
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vxFAWR6hzZek