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I. Every object in a state of uniform motion
tends to remain in that state of motion unless an
external force is applied to it.
Newtons First Law of Motion

• Newtons First Law of Motion

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For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
Newtons Third Law of Motion
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The acceleration of gravity in a vaccum is 9.8
m/s2
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The pancreas secretes insulin which regulates the
blood sugar level in the body.
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All humans are endowed with certain inalienable
rights life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
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English Bill of Rights (1689)
1. That the pretended power of suspending the
laws or the execution of laws by regal authority
without consent of Parliament is illegal
4. That levying money for or to the use of the
Crown, without grant of Parliament, is illegal
5. That it is the right of the subjects to
petition the king,
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English Bill of Rights (1689)
6. That the raising or keeping a standing army
within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be
with consent of Parliament, is against law
9. That the freedom of speech and debates or
proceedings in Parliament ought not to be
impeached or questioned in any court or place out
of Parliament 10. That excessive bail ought
not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed,
nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted
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John Locke (1632-1704)
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A Salon of the Enlightenment
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Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
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Voltaire (1694-1778)
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Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
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The French Revolution 1789-1799
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Louis XIV The Sun King (1638-1715)
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Louis XV Le Bien Aime (r. 1723-1774)
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The French and Indian War was a great financial
and territorial loss for France
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The American War for Independence inspired
French Revolutionaries
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Louis XVI (r. 1774-1792)
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The first revolt The Nobility rejects Calonnes
Assembly of Notables
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Cahiers of Carcassone
2. Nevertheless the civil rights of those of the
king's subjects who are not Catholics should be
confirmed, and they should be admitted to
positions and offices in the public
administration, without however extending this
privilege - which reason and humanity alike
demand for them - to judicial or police functions
or to those of public instruction.
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Cahiers
7. The rights which have just been restored to
the nation should be consecrated as fundamental
principles of the monarchy, and their perpetual
and unalterable enjoyment should be assured by a
solemn law, which should so define the rights
both of the monarch and of the people that their
violation shall hereafter be impossible.
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Cahiers
8. Among these rights the following should be
especially noted the nation should hereafter be
subject only to such laws and taxes as it shall
itself freely ratify. 9. The meetings of the
Estates General of the kingdom should be fixed
for definite periods
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Cahiers
10. In order to assure to the third estate the
influence to which it is entitled in view of the
number of its members, the amount of its
contributions to the public treasury, and the
manifold interests which it has to defend or
promote in the national assemblies, its votes in
the assembly should be taken and counted by head.
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Cahiers
13. Since individual liberty is intimately
associated with national liberty, his Majesty is
hereby petitioned not to permit that it be
hereafter interfered with by arbitrary orders for
imprisonment. . . 14. Freedom should be granted
also to the press, which should however be
subjected, by means of strict regulations to the
principles of religion, morality, and public
decency. .
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The second revolt The Third Estate takes the
Oath of the Tennis Court, June 20, 1789
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The third revolt Parisian Sans Culottes seize
the Bastille, July 14, 1789
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The fourth revolt The peasants overthrow the
nobility
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Events of Summer 1789

• Third Estate becomes National Assembly
• Great Fear grips the countrysidetrue social
  revolution
• NA abolishes feudalism Aug. 4, 1789
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and CitizenAug.
  26, 1789

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The Womens March on Versailles, October 5-6, 1789
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The Execution of Louis XVI (January 21, 1793)
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Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)
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The Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
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La Marseillaise
Arise children of the fatherlandThe day of glory
has arrivedAgainst us tyranny'sBloody standard
is raisedListen to the sound in the fieldsThe
howling of these fearsome soldiersThey are
coming into our midstTo cut the throats of your
sons and consorts To arms citizens Form your
battalionsMarch, marchLet impure bloodWater
our furrows
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Napoleon Bonaparte seizes power, 18th of Brumaire
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Causes and Agents of Revolution

• Louis XIV, XV, XVI
• Enlightenment
• French/Indian War 1756-63
• American Revolution
• Taxes
• Crop failures

• Calonne
• Nobility revolts against Assembly of Notables
• Third Estate
• Abbe Sieyes
• Sans Culottes
• Peasantry
• National Assembly

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Effects/Outcomes of French Revolution

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
• End of Feudalism
• End of French Monarchy
• Church weakened
• Nobility declines
• France made a Republic
• Bourgeoisie in power?
• Napoleon Bonaparte becomes Emperor

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The Mexican War for Independence
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Charles III enacted the Bourbon Reforms (r.
1759-1788)
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Jose de Galvez carried out the Bourbon Reforms in
New Spain
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Napoleon as Romantic Hero Davids Napoleon
Crossing the Alps (1800)
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Joseph Botillas Bonaparte Ruler of Spain
(1808-1813)
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Don Miguel Hidalgo Began Mexicos Struggle for
Independence, Sept. 16, 1810
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Father Jose Maria Morelos (1765-1815)
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Agustin de Iturbide First Emperor of Mexico (r.
1821-22)
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Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna President of Mexico
(off and on) 1833-1855
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Causes of the Mexican War for Independence

• Bourbon Reforms (1760-1800)
• Alcabala (sales tax)
• Royal Monopolies on liquor, stamps, salt, mercury
• Increasing numbers of Peninsulare administrators
• Greater presence of royal military
• Social/Ethnic hierarchy stifled advancement of
  mestizoes, Native Americans and enslaved persons
• Unequal relationship between mother country and
  colony

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Agents of War for Independence

• Father Miguel HidalgoGrito de Dolores
• Father Jose Maria Morelos
• Mestizo followers
• Virgine de Guadalupe?
• Napoleon Bonaparte
• Agustin de Iturbide

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Results

• Violent oppression of Hidalgos revolt by criollo
  military
• Iturbides top down revolution in 1821
• Age of Caudillos (1822-1870s)
• La Riforma tries to break power of caudillos
• Emperor Maximilien I
• Porfirio Diaz El Presidente (1876-1910)

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Benito Juarez President in 1861 and leader of
the Liberal Reforma
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Porfirio Diaz Effective Suffrage, no
re-election! ruled Mexico 1876-1910
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Francisco Madero Coahuila Intellectual turned
Revolutionary
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Pres. William Howard Taft, a Progressive
Republican, threw US support to Madero
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Pancho Villa Populist Gaucho Rebel from Chihuahua
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Emiliano Zapata Populist Rebel from the South
(Morelos)
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Victoriano Huerta Former Diaz Military Leader
turned Madero strongman
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Venustiano Carranza Norteno Revolutionary from
Coahuila
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Pres. Woodrow Wilson, a Progressive Democrat,
threw US support to Carranza
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Alvaro Obregon Former Carranza General turned
Presidente in 1920--brought peace to Mexico
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Jose Vasconcelos Mexicos First Minister of
Public Education
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Causes of Mexican Revolution 1910-1920

• Persistence of Colonial Inequalities
• CaudillosSanta Anna
• Loses Texas
• Loses Far NorthUS Southwest
• La Riforma Benito Juarez
• Foreign Invasion-Maximilien I
• Porfirio Diaz, pres. 1876-1910
• Creelman Interview, 1908

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Agents of the Mexican Revolution

• Creelman Interview
• Porfirio Diaz
• Francisco Madero
• Huerta
• Pancho Villa
• Emiliano Zapata
• Venustiano Carranza
• peones

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Outcomes of Mexican Revolution

• Chaos and disorder
• V. Carranza becomes president
• Mexican Constitution of 1917
• Land reform but not until 1930s
• Further conflicts over religion
• Later on ejidos are privatized in 1980srepeal of
  reform?