Biologi dan Biokimia Tanah

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Biologi dan Biokimia Tanah

• Dr. Irfan D. Prijambada
• Dr. Donny Widianto
• Dr. Ngadiman
• Dr. Jaka Widada

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Jadual SAP
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Jadual SAP
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Jadual SAP
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Buku Acuan

• Eldor A. Paul. 2007. Soil Microbiology, Ecology,
  and Biochemistry. Academic Press.
• Van Elsas, J.D., Trevors, J.T., and Wellington,
  E.M.H. 1997. Modern Soil Microbiology. Marcel
  Dekker, Inc, New York.
• Paul, E.A. and Clark, F.E. 1989. Soil
  Microbiology and Biochemistry. Academic Press,
  Inc, London.
• Bardgett, R. 2005. The Biology of Soil. Oxford
  University Press, Oxford.
• Sylvia, D.M., Fuhrmann, J.J., Hartel, P.G., and
  Zuberer, D.A. 2005. Principles and Applications
  of Soil Microbiology. Pearson Education Inc., New
  Jersey.
• Vaughan, D. and Malcolm, R.E. 1985. Soil Organic
  Matter and Biological Activity. Martinus Nijhoff
  / DR. W Junk Publishers, Dordrecht.

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Penilaian

• Total Nilai Ujian Mid Tugas dari 4 dosen
  dibagi 4
• (Rata-rata dari Nilai Dosen I II III IV)

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Tata Tertib Kuliah

• Tepat waktu, toleransi maks. 15 menit
• Tidak Berisik
• HP tidak diaktifkan
• Paham bahasa Indonesia Inggris
• Baca minimal dua buku acuan
• Kerjakan Tugas, Mid, Ujian

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Tujuan Perkuliahan

• Mengenalkan dan memahamkan bahasa biologi dan
  biokimia tanah Kosakata (istilah dan struktur
  organisme dan senyawa kimia), tatabahasa
  (kegiatan organisme dan reaksi-reaksi kimia),
  struktur kalimat (hubungan aktivitas organisme
  dengan reaksi- reaksi kimia) dan arti
  (keterkaitan organisme, reaksi kimia, dan fungsi
  tanah)

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Soils are critically important to many processes
on earth
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Pollution
Exotic Species Introductions
Global Climate Change/Carbon Storage
Soil Fertility
Important Issues in Soil Science
Disturbance
Biodiversity/Genetic Diversity
Restoration
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Soil quality is how well soil does what we want
it to do. More specifically, soil quality is
the capacity of a specific kind of soil to
function, within natural or managed ecosystem
boundaries, to sustain plant and animal
productivity, maintain or enhance water and air
quality, and support human health and habitation.
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People have different ideas of what a quality
soil is. For example for people active in
production agriculture, it may mean highly
productive land, sustaining or enhancing
productivity, maximizing profits, or maintaining
the soil resource for future generations for
consumers, it may mean plentiful, healthful, and
inexpensive food for present and future
generations for naturalists, it may mean soil
in harmony with the landscape and its
surroundings for the environmentalist, it may
mean soil functioning at its potential in an
ecosystem with respect to maintenance or
enhancement of biodiversity, water quality,
nutrient cycling, and biomass production.
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What Soil Does  Healthy soil gives us clean air
and water, bountiful crops and forests,
productive rangeland, diverse wildlife, and
beautiful landscapes. Soil does all this by
performing five essential functions Regulating
water. Soil helps control where rain, snowmelt,
and irrigation water goes. Water and dissolved
solutes flow over the land or into and through
the soil. Sustaining plant and animal life. The
diversity and productivity of living things
depends on soil. Filtering potential
pollutants. The minerals and microbes in soil are
responsible for filtering, buffering, degrading,
immobilizing, and detoxifying organic and
inorganic materials, including industrial and
municipal by-products and atmospheric deposits.
Cycling nutrients. Carbon, nitrogen,
phosphorus, and many other nutrients are stored,
transformed, and cycled through soil.
Supporting structures. Buildings need stable
soil for support, and archeological treasures
associated with human habitation are protected in
soils.
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Linkages between soil quality and other
agri-environmental indicators
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Soil Biology and the Landscape
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The Soil Food Web
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Components of Soil Organic Matter
Fresh residue lt10
Living organisms lt5
Stabilized organic matter (humus) 33 - 50
Decomposing organic matter (active
fraction) 33 - 50
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Penampang akar
Rhizosfer
Epidermis
Rizoplane
Mucigel (1-2 mm)
Rambut akar (0.1-1 mm)
Mikoriza (5-10 cm)
Korteks
Endorizosfer
Interface akar/ tanah/mikrobia
Rhizosfer tanah (1-2 mm)
Endodermis
Silinder Vaskular
Sel-sel yang gugur
Tudung akar
Mucigel tudung akar
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Terms describing the location of microbial
habitats related to plants

• Epiphytic organisms growing on the surface of
  photosynthetic organisms
• Phylloplane leaf surface
• Phyllosphere area surrounding the leaf and
  impacted by it
• Rhizoplane root surface
• Rhizosphere area surrounding the root and
  impacted by it

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Microbial Biomass with Depth
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Seasonal Microbial Activity
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Biomass of Soil Organisms in Four Ecosystems
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Belowground Complexity in Several Ecosystems
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Two Bugs are Better Than One

• Effects of bacteria and bacterial-feeding
  nematodes on blue grama grass growth

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organisms in Soil
Bacteria
Actinomycetes
Fungi
Protozoa
Earthworm
Isopods
Nematodes
Mites
Myriapods
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Soil Organisms sizes and abundances
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Typical Numbers of Soil Organisms in Healthy
Ecosystems
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Methods for Measuring Soil Microbes
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Molecular Methods for Measuring Soil Microbes
Cellular Constituents Protein Phospholipids
Nucleic Acid
RNA
DNA
LMW RNA
Based on PCR
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Functions of soil Biota / microbes

• Biogeochemical processes
• Organic matter decomposition,nutrient
  transfromation,greenhouse gas emission
• Bioremediation-environmental biotechnology
• Biophysical
• Hydrological, energy balance

A particular group
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Beneficial Microbes in Soil-Plant System

Function
Microbes
Seedlings Growth Plant Protection Nutrient Cycling
Rhizobacteria fungi
Saprophytic
Specific Bacteria
Decontamination

Simbion mutualistik
Rhizobium dll
N2 Fixation
Seedlings Growth Nutrient Cycling Plant
Protection Decontamination Plant
Conservation Plant Succession
Fungi Mycoriza
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