Presentation Plus

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Chapter 12 The Hellenistic Period
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Contents
SECTION 1 Philip II of Macedonia SECTION
2 Alexander the Great
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Chapter Focus 4
Terms to Learn
People to Know

• hostage

• Philip of Macedonia

• phalanx
• alliances
• orator
• barbaroi
• factories
• emigrated

• Demosthenes
• Alexander the Great

Places to Locate

• Macedonia

• Persia
• Alexandria

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Section 1-1
Philip II of Macedonia

• By 338 B.C. Greece had a new ruler, Philip II of
  Macedonia.

• Philip became ruler of Macedonia in 359 B.C.
• In his youth he was held hostagea person held by
  an enemy until certain promises are carried
  outfor three years in Thebes.

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Section 1-2
Philip II of Macedonia (cont.)

• Phillip learned

• to love Greek culture.
• to dislike the weaknesses of the Greek form of
  government.

• It took him a little more than 20 years to reach
  his goal of unifying the Greek city-states.

• He changed the Macedonian army from part-time
  volunteers to a year-round, well-organized group
  of professionals.

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Section 1-3
Philip II of Macedonia (cont.)

• Phillip developed an infantry formation called a
  phalanx, a solid body formed by foot soldiers 16
  rows deep.

• He armed his soldiers with spears that were twice
  as long as most, and trained some with slingshots
  and bows and arrows.
• He flattered Greek officials and provoked
  disagreements among the Greek city-states.
• When the city-states were weak from fighting each
  other, his army conquered them.
• He used marriage as a way of forming political
  alliances, or partnerships.

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Section 1-4
Philip II of Macedonia (cont.)

• Demosthenes, an Athenian orator, or public
  speaker, tried unsuccessfully to warn the Greeks
  that Philip was dangerous.

• Thebes and Athens tried to stop Philips invasion
  into central Greece in 338 B.C.
• The Greek army was defeated at the Battle of
  Chaeronea.
• Philip was killed in 336 B.C. while preparing for
  a military campaign against Persia.
• His son, Alexander, took over the throne.

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Section 2-1
Alexander the Great

• Alexander, an army commander since age 16, took
  over Philips throne at age 20.

• He had studied literature, political science,
  geography, and biology with Aristotle for three
  years.
• Because of this, Alexander included philosophers
  and scientists in his army.
• He crushed the Persian Empire and marched as far
  east as northern India without ever losing a
  battle.

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Section 2-2
Alexanders Empire

• Alexander believed that his dream of a world-wide
  state of peace could only be achieved by uniting
  the Macedonians, the Greeks, and the Persians.

• He married a Persian woman and encouraged his
  officers to do the same.
• When he claimed to be a god, the Macedonians and
  Greeks refused to treat him as such.

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Section 2-3
Alexanders Empire (cont.)

• The Greeks objected to equal treatment for
  Persians and looked down on people who did not
  speak Greek or follow Greek customs.

• They called such people barbaroi, from which the
  word barbarians comes.
• Alexanders attempt to achieve unity among the
  people in his empire was not successful.

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Section 2-4
Alexandria

• Alexander founded about 70 cities, 16 of which
  were named Alexandria after himself.

• The most important of these cities was Alexandria
  in Egypt.
• It quickly became a center of trade and learning.
  
• The city had two great harbors dominated by a
  lighthouse 400 feet tall.
• The library at Alexandria held the largest
  collection of books in ancient times.

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Section 2-5
End of the Empire

• In 323 B.C. Alexander became ill and died at the
  age of 33.

• After his death, fighting broke out over who was
  to rule the empire.
• The areas in India returned to their original
  rulers.

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Section 2-6
End of the Empire (cont.)

• Three of Alexanders generals divided the rest
  of the empire among themselves.

• Antigonus became king of Macedonia.
• Ptolemy established the dynasty of the Ptolemies
  in Egypt.
• Seleucus formed the Seleucid Empire in Persia.

• Athens and Sparta again became independent, while
  other city-states banded together into one of two
  leagues.

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Section 2-7
End of the Empire (cont.)

• Greek cultural influence, however, became
  stronger than ever.

• The cities that had been part of Alexanders
  empire now existed chiefly for trade.
• City officials made their law, language,
  calendar, culture, customs, and coins Greek.
• The Greek city-states regained their political
  independence, but could not gain back the power
  of the past.

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Section 2-8
End of the Empire (cont.)

• Great factories, or places where goods are made,
  had been built in the new Hellenistic cities.

• Greek manufacturers could not compete with these
  factories.
• Many young Greeks emigrated, or left one place to
  settle in another.
• By 146 B.C., most of the Greek city-states were
  under Roman control.