Materials and Methods

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Materials and Methods
Abe E. Sahmoun, Ph.D. Assistant Professor
Epidemiology Department of Internal Medicine
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Contents

• Materials and Methods Section
• Function
• Content
• Materials
• Methods
• Data analysis
• Length
• Examples
• What variables should be collected and why?
• Commonly Used Statistical Test
• Correlation coefficient
• T-test
• Chi-Square test
• P-value

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Descriptive Study

• Formulate a question
• Decide on study design
• Define the population
• Obtain clinical information
• Age, race, sex
• Treatments, outcomes

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Materials Methods (MM)Function

• The aim of MM section is to tell the reader what
  experiments you did to answer your question.
• MM section should include sufficient detail and
  references to permit a scientist to evaluate your
  work fully or to repeat the experiments exactly
  as you did.

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Materials Methods (MM)Content- Methods

• What you did
• Study Design This should include the following
  info
• Independent variables
• Dependent variable
• All controls baseline, placebo, other
• Sample size
• What the experiment consisted of
• Order
• Of the interventions
• Of the measurements
• Duration
• Of the interventions
• Of the measurements

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Materials Methods (MM)Content- Materials

• The primary content of the MM section consists of
  the following information
• State how you calculated derived variables (e.g.
  BMI, drug).
• Human subjects Give enough information about
  age, gender, race, BMI, disease, and specific
  medical and surgical management to be of use to
  researchers who want to compare your data with
  theirs, or to clinicians who want to see if your
  findings are applicable to their patients.

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Materials Methods (MM)Content- 1. Analysis of
Data

• State how you summarized your data.
• Provide information about both the magnitude of
  the data and the variability.
• When data are normally distributed, we can use
  mean and standard deviation to summarize the
  data. The mean provides a description of the
  overall magnitude of the data. The standard
  deviation provides a measure of the variability
  in the sample.
• If data has a skewed distribution, you should
  report the median and the interquartile range
  (range between 25th and 75th percentiles)

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Materials Methods (MM)Content- 2. Analysis of
Data

• State which software you used to analyze your
  data (including version or release number)
• State p-value at which you considered differences
  statistically significant.
• A p-value is not always sufficient to determine
  whether you fail to reject or reject a
  hypothesis. A difference can be statistically
  significant because the sample size is large
  rather than because a treatment has a large
  effect.
• We assess the size of the difference in
  comparison with the variability in the data
  sample by calculating the 95 C.I.

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Materials Methods (MM)Content- Length

• The methods section should be as long as
  necessary to describe fully and accurately what
  was done and how it was done.
• Methods are reported in the past tense (e.g. we
  measured..)

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ExampleThe right way
Magura L, Blanchard R, Hope B, Beal JR, Schwartz
GG, Sahmoun AE. Hypercholesterolemia and prostate
cancer a hospital-based case-control study.
Cancer Causes Control. Epub 2008 Aug 13. .
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Methods

• We performed a retrospective analysis of medical
  charts of patients newly diagnosed with prostate
  cancer between 2004 and 2006. Cases were
  identified from the cancer registry of Meritcare
  hospital, North Dakota, USA. Controls were
  identified from the primary care database of the
  same hospital. This facility serves the Fargo
  Metropolitan Area comprising all of Cass County,
  North Dakota and Clay County, Minnesota. Its
  population, according to the 2006 estimate, is
  approximately 200,000. The majority (96) of the
  population served in this area is White. The
  North Dakota Cancer Registry releases annual
  cancer statistics when the registrys data is
  estimated to be 95 complete for any given
  cancer-reporting year. The study was approved by
  the Institutional Review Boards of the Hospital
  and the University of North Dakota.

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Study Design

• Data on age, family history of prostate cancer,
  histology, stage at diagnosis (TNM system), body
  mass index, occupation, smoking status, Prostate
  Specific Antigen (PSA), Gleason score, lipid
  profiles, statins use, non-steroidal
  antiinflammatory use (NSAIDs), comorbidities, and
  multivitamin use were abstracted using electronic
  records and medical charts. Covariates
  information was obtained for the period prior to
  diagnosis for cases and prior to exam for
  controls. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were
  as follows

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Study Design

• The inclusion criteria for cases were men with
  incident,histologically confirmed prostate cancer
  as a primary site with cancer diagnosed between
  2004 and 2006 using a pathology report present in
  the medical records, age between 50 and 74 and
  date of lipid profiles tests within a year prior
  to the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The
  exclusion criteria included diagnosis of any
  cancer other than primary prostate cancer and
  race other than Caucasian (excluded because of
  small numbers \6 of residents of Fargo-Moorhead
  are non-Caucasian).

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Study Design

• The inclusion criteria for controls were men who
  had an annual physical exam between 2004 and 2006
  at the same hospital as cases, age between 50 and
  74, without cancer seen at the same hospital as
  cases, and date of lipid profiles tests within a
  year of the annual physical exam. The exclusion
  criteria included diagnosis of any cancer,
  prostate specific antigen C4 ng/l (in order to
  exclude undiagnosed prostate cancer), and race
  other than Caucasian.

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Exposure Definition

• We used the National Cholesterol Education
  Program (NCEP) definition of hypercholesterolemia
  as total cholesterol greater than 5.17 (mmol/l)
  23. For comparison with previous studies, the
  prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was also
  calculated using a cutpoint of6.2 (mmol/l).
• Statin use was classified as hydrophobic only
  users (lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, or
  fluvastatin) or hydrophilic only users
  (pravastatin or rosuvastatin) as reported
  elsewhere 24. No other lipid lowering agents
  were in use among this study population.
• Factors that may confound the association between
  cholesterol and prostate cancer, such as family
  history of prostate cancer, body mass index,
  statins use, smoking, type 2 diabetes, and
  multivitamin use were included in our analyses as
  potential confounders.

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Statistical analyses

• Odds ratios (OR) and 95 confidence intervals
  (CI) were estimated using unconditional multiple
  logistic regression, including terms for age,
  family history of prostate cancer, body mass
  index (BMI), smoking, type 2 diabetes and
  multivitamin use. All p-values are two-sided. All
  two-way interactions involving hypercholesterolemi
  a were assessed. Tests for interaction were
  assessed by introducing a multiplicative term
  between the two variables in the multivariable
  model using a Wald test. Analyses were performed
  using SAS software V9.1.3 (SAS Institute, Cary,
  NC, USA).

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ExamplesNeed improvements
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METHODS Study Population The patients reviewed
were those who presented to a local clinic and
received a RADT during the months of March,
April, and May of 2004. The patients were
categorized by ages of 45 years. Of the 211 subjects, 37.4 were years old. The majority of patients, 53.6, fell
into the 15-45 year age group. And only 9 were
45 years old. Of the patients to receive an
RADT, 24.1 of those less than 15 years old
tested positive. 19.9 of those in the 15-45 age
range tested positive. And 10.5 of the patients
older than 45 years of age were positive.
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METHODS Data obtained for this study was taken
from the North Dakota Department of Health,
Division of Vital Statistics birth records from
January 1, 1996 through December 31, 2003.
During this timeframe, 63,344 live births
occurred 53, 416 of these records were
included in this studys data set due to
exclusions.
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ACCP Guidelines
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ExampleCodification of the variables
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Why should we collect other variables in addition
to the exposure?
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Mortality in Area A and Area B
Suppose you surveyed how many people died per
year in area A and B (both population10,000),
and results were as indicated in the table. Do
people in area B have higher risk of death?
What do you think? Do you recommend people in
area B to move to area A?

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If you categorize the populations by age and
compare mortality of Area A with that of Area
B,
If you categorize the population according to the
age, population A and B has same risks under the
age of 60 years old. There are no people over 60
years old in area A. The difference of
mortality in the previous slide is due to the
difference in age distribution of the population.

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Example subjects smokers 1,000 non-smokers
1,000 of same age range, sex ratio status of
lung cancer for 5 years were observed.

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P Results in 5 years
50 lung cancer cases in smokers and 10 in
non-smokers were observed. If we compare the
morbidity by smokers/non-smokers5/15, it
means that smokers are 5 times more likely to
have lung cancer than non-smokers. Generally
speaking, if p-value becomes less than 0.05, the
result you look at is really significant.
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If the sample size of both groups is not 1,000,
but 100.
PSuppose that the sample size of both groups is
not 1,000 but 100, and 5 lung cancer cases in
smokers and 1 in non-smokers group were observed.
In this case, ratio of smokers/not
smokers5/15 stays same. However, if
statistical test was conducted, p-value became
0.212. From this study, you can not conclude
that there is a significant association between
smoking and lung cancer. How did it happen? In
epidemiologic study, to detect a certain level in
difference of outcome, relatively large sample
sizes are required. If the study is conducted in
a small sample size like this, sometimes true
results are not drawn. In such a case, it is
nothing more than a waste of time and money. We
have to be careful about sample size when we
conduct a study.
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The factors that should be taken into
consideration when you look at the data age
gender race . . .
Previous slides indicate that if you look at
observed data, you have to consider the
difference of age. If you do not mind the
difference of age, the data seldom looks
different from truth. There are some factors in
addition to age that should be considered when
you compare the data - sex, race, year of birth,
education and so on.
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Commonly Used Statistical Tests

• Correlation a linear relationship
• T-test association between mean
• Chi-square association between proportions

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Correlation coefficient

• Correlation coefficient is a summary of the
  strength of a linear association between two
  variables. If the variables tend to go up and
  down together, the correlation coefficient will
  be positive. If the variables tend to go up and
  down in opposition with low values of one
  variable associated with high values of the
  other, the correlation coefficient will be
  negative.

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• Essentials of Writing Biomedical Research Papers.
  Mimi Zeiger, 2nd edition

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Questions

• Dr. Abe E. Sahmoun
• asahmoun_at_medicine.nodak.edu
• Dr. James R. Beal
• jrbeal_at_medicine.nodak.edu